A series of new, all-aromatic, macrocyclic biaryls have been obtained by intramolecular, nickel-promoted coupling of bis(4-chlorobenzoylphenoxy)-terminated oligomers, and single-crystal X-ray analysis of one such macrocycle reveals extreme distortion of the biaryl unit; these highly strained materials undergo rapid ring-opening polymerisation in the presence of nucleophilic initiators to give high molecular weight polyetherketones.
High-temperature (330 °C) polycondensation of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone with 4,4'bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)biphenyl, using diphenyl sulphone as solvent and sodium carbonate as base, leads to formation of an amorphous polymer (A) in which the monomer-derived subunits [-OArSOjAr-] ("S") and [OArCOArArCOAr-] ("K") essentially alternate along the polymer chain. In contrast, the polymer (B) formed on replacing part (ca. 10%) of the sodium carbonate by potassium carbonate is partially crystalline, and sequence analysis by 13C NMR indicates that the distribution of S and K units within a chain is now almost entirely random. The crystalline phase of polymer B is identified as [-OArCOArArCOAr-]", and a structure is proposed for this phase on the basis of X-ray fiber studies, single-crystal X-ray oligomer data, and molecular-modeling/diffraction-simulation techniques.
The effect of modifying an η-alumina
methyl chloride synthesis
catalyst by doping with CsCl and KCl over the concentration range
of 0.1–1.0 mmol g
(cat)
–1
is investigated
by a combination of pyridine chemisorption coupled with infrared spectroscopy
and mass-selective temperature-programmed desorption measurements.
The loading of group 1 metal chloride is equivalent to a titrant that
enables selective neutralization of Lewis acid sites present at the
surface of the reference η-alumina catalyst. Specifically, a
loading of 0.1 mmol g
(cat)
–1
is sufficient
to neutralize the strong Lewis acid sites; a loading of 0.6 mmol g
(cat)
–1
is sufficient to neutralize the strong
and medium-strong Lewis acid sites; a loading of 1.0 mmol g
(cat)
–1
neutralizes all of the strong and medium-strong
Lewis acid sites and partially neutralizes the medium-weak Lewis acid
site. These deductions connect with a catalyst design program to develop
a methyl chloride synthesis catalyst that exhibits minimal formation
of the byproduct dimethyl ether.
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