The ESEN (European Sero-Epidemiology Network) project was established to harmonize the seroepidemiology of five vaccine preventable infections including measles, mumps and rubella in eight European countries. This involved achieving comparability both in the assay results from testing in different centres and also sampling methodology. Standardization of enzyme immunoassay results was achieved through the development of common panels of sera by designated reference centres. The panels were tested at the reference laboratory and then distributed to each participating laboratory for testing using their routine methods. Standardization equations were calculated by regressing the quantitative results against those of the reference laboratory. Our study found large differences in unitage between participants, despite all using an EIA method standardized against an international or local standard. Moreover, our methodology adjusted for this difference. These standardization equations will be used to convert the results of main serosurvey testing into the reference country unitage to ensure inter-country comparability.
We compared IgG and IgA distribution in serum, three different salivary samples, two different rectal secretion samples, cervicovaginal secretions, and seminal secretions from asymptomatic CDC stage II/III HIV-1-infected subjects (n = 44) and from HIV-1-seronegative volunteers (n = 52). In-house ELISAs were used to measure total IgG and total IgA levels, as well as HIV-specific anti-gp120 MN and anti-p24 LAI IgG and IgA. Human serum albumin was titrated in parallel to calculate the relative coefficient of excretion (RCE). In spite of substantial interindividual variability, total IgG concentrations in all fluids were found to be significantly greater in the HIV-1-infected group than in the seronegative subjects. Calculation of RCE values revealed three different types of mucosal secretion: secretions with no local Ig production, such as sperm; secretions with local production of IgA and transudative origin of IgG, such as salivary and rectal samples; and secretions with local production of both IgG and IgA, such as in cervicovaginal secretions. For all mucosal specimens from HIV-1-infected subjects, the response to HIV-1 was predominantly IgG, with highest titers observed in cervicovaginal secretions (although these were lower than serum levels). In contrast, the specific IgA response appeared weaker in the mucosa than in serum.
Abstract. As part of the clinical validation process of a new working seed of a licensed yellow fever vaccine (new working seed PV26, Stamaril; Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, Lyon, France), the immunogenicity and safety of two batches of this vaccine (PM-YF) were compared with those of another commercially available vaccine (Arilvax; Evans Medical-Wellcome, Liverpool, United Kingdom) in 211 healthy adults. While the geometric mean titer values at days 10-14 and day 28 after vaccination were higher in the PM-YF group, the vaccines provided equivalent seroprotection (titers Ն1/10) one month after a single vaccine dose (100% PM-YF versus 99% W-YF; P ϭ 0.001, by one-sided equivalence test). Both vaccines were safe. There were no serious local or systemic reactions reported, nor any clinically significant hepatic function abnormalities associated with the use of either vaccine. These two 17D yellow fever vaccines from different European vaccine manufacturers were highly immunogenic and safe, and provided equivalent seroprotection.Yellow fever is a viral tropical disease, occurring endemically, with periodic epidemics, in the Americas and Africa. The yellow fever virus, a member of the Flavivirus family, is mosquito borne, and in humans produces a clinical disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, followed by hepatorenal dysfunction and hemorrhage. Epidemics can be associated with attack rates of 33% and mortality rates of more than 75%.
Subjects (n Å 312) received either the human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) or the purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) according to either two-injection (days 0 and 28) or three-injection (days 0, 7, and 28) primary regimens. They received a booster injection at 1 year. Rabies antibody levels were measured after the primary series and the booster and then each year for the next 10 years. The results confirm the superior long-term immunogenicity of the three-injection over the two-injection protocol. HDCV and PVRV in three doses were equally immunogenic. A booster injection at 1 year provides long-term seroconversion (titer §0.5 IU/mL). Antibody titers 2 weeks after the 1-year booster allowed prediction of long-term immunity. Good responders, with titers §30 IU/mL, were protected for at least 10 years. An algorithm for differentiation between good responders and poor responders with respect to vaccine booster strategies is proposed.Preexposure rabies vaccination allows persons who may be the data from the present study [16] demonstrated that the three-dose schedule is more immunogenic than two injections later exposed to rabies virus to be protected by only two postexposure doses of vaccine. A three-dose preexposure series is the given on days 0 and 28, included for comparative purposes. ln addition, our preliminary analysis confirmed the importance of standard one recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1], but two doses were recommended in France and the booster injection at 1 year in maintaining immunity [16]. For high-risk groups at continuous exposure to rabies, such in the United Kingdom [2]. Since the development of cellculture vaccines, numerous efficacy and safety studies have as workers in diagnostic and research laboratories, the recommendation of all health authorities is rabies antibody measuredetermined the most efficient protocol to use for the primary series of preexposure vaccination [3 -5]. Residual immunity 1 ment every 6 months, by use of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), to verify that protective levels (neutralyear after the completion of the primary series also has been studied, but to a lesser extent [6,7]. In contrast, few reports ization at a 1:5 dilution [13] or at a titer of §0.5 IU/mL [1, 17]) are maintained. For other groups at risk, such as veterinarians or on the persistence of immunity have been published [8,9], and the schedule of boosters thus far proposed is based on travelers to areas in which rabies is enzootic, the frequency of boosters when RFFIT testing is unavailable has been deterextrapolation. The first cell-culture rabies vaccine, the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), was introduced in 1975 and has mined arbitrarily; recommendations vary from once yearly to once every 3 years [1, 13,18]. The risk of hypersensitivity become the reference standard [4, 10 -13]. Studies of the efficacy of a vaccine cultured on Vero cells (the purified Vero cell reactions to frequent HDCV boosters [13], reluctance to have frequent blood sampling, a...
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