We present the universal theory of arbitrary, localized impurities in a confining paramagnetic state of two-dimensional antiferromagnets with global SU(2) spin symmetry. The energy gap of the host antiferromagnet to spin-1 excitations, ∆, is assumed to be significantly smaller than a typical nearest neighbor exchange. In the absence of impurities, it was argued in earlier work (Chubukov et al. Phys. Rev. B 49, 11919 (1994)) that the low-temperature quantum dynamics is universally and completely determined by the values of ∆ and a spin-wave velocity c. Here we establish the remarkable fact that no additional parameters are necessary for an antiferromagnet with a dilute concentration of impurities, nimp-each impurity is completely characterized by a integer/half-odd-integer valued spin, S, which measures the net uncompensated Berry phase due to spin precession in its vicinity. We compute the impurity-induced damping of the spin-1 collective mode of the antiferromagnet: the damping occurs on an energy scale Γ = nimp(hc) 2 /∆, and we predict a universal, asymmetric lineshape for the collective mode peak. We argue that, under suitable conditions, our results apply unchanged (or in some cases, with minor modifications) to d-wave superconductors, and compare them to recent neutron scattering experiments on YBa2Cu3O7 by Fong et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1939(1999). We also describe the universal evolution of numerous measurable correlations as the host antiferromagnet undergoes a quantum phase transition to a Néel ordered state. Contents

The spin dynamics of an arbitrary localized impurity in an insulating two-dimensional antiferromagnet, across the host transition from a paramagnet with a spin gap to a Néel state, is described. The impurity spin susceptibility has a Curie-like divergence at the quantum-critical coupling, but with a universal effective spin that is neither an integer nor a half-odd integer. In the Néel state, the transverse impurity susceptibility is a universal number divided by the host spin stiffness (which determines the energy cost to slow twists in the orientation of the Néel order). These and numerous other results for the thermodynamics, Knight shift, and magnon damping have important applications in experiments on layered transition metal oxides.

Peer-To-Peer (P2P) networks are self-organizing, distributed systems, with no centralized authority or infrastructure. Because of the voluntary participation, the availability of resources in a P2P system can be highly variable and unpredictable. In this paper, we use ideas from Game Theory to study the interaction of strategic and rational peers, and propose a differential service-based incentive scheme to improve the system's performance.

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Abstract-Wireless sensor networks offer the potential to span and monitor large geographical areas inexpensively. Sensor network databases like TinyDB [1] are the dominant architectures to extract and manage data in such networks. Since sensors have significant power constraints (battery life), and high communication costs, design of energy efficient communication algorithms is of great importance. The data flow in a sensor database is very different from data flow in an ordinary network and poses novel challenges in designing efficient routing algorithms. In this work we explore the problem of energy efficient routing for various different types of database queries and show that in general, this problem is NP-complete. We give a constant factor approximation algorithm for one class of query, and for other queries give heuristic algorithms. We evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms by simulation and demonstrate their near optimal performance for various network sizes.