Glycerol
utilization is an important research topic because of
recent surging biodiesel production through transesterification of
vegetable oils and animal fats. One of the valuable products from
glycerol is gained through esterification with acetic acid to produce
triacetin. Hasabnis and Mahajani proposed
an entrainer-based reactive column configuration with stoichiometric
feed ratio to obtain high selectivity and conversion. This paper corrects
the kinetic parameters in Hasabnis and Mahajani to better describe this reaction system. A more effective
reactive entrainer for this reactive distillation system is also proposed
to better carry water to the top of the column. The other modification
is to assume feed compositions of the glycerol and acetic acid feed
streams containing some water as impurity as opposed to idealistic
pure feed assumptions. The operation and control of this system are
also investigated. The proposed tray-temperature control strategy
is able to maintain product purity despite disturbances from throughput
and feed composition changes.
Helium (He) ion lithography is being considered as one of the most promising and emerging technology for the manufacturing of next generation integrated circuits (ICs) at nanolevel. However, He-ion active resists are rarely reported. In this context, we are introducing a new non-chemically amplified hybrid resist (n-CAR), MAPDSA-MAPDST, for high resolution He-ion beam lithography (HBL) applications. In the resist architecture, 2.15 % antimony is incorporated as heavy metal in the form of antimonate. This newly developed resists has successfully used for patterning 20 nm negative tone features at a dose of 60 μC/cm2. The resist offered very low line edge roughness (1.27±0.31 nm) for 20 nm line features. To our knowledge, this is the first He-ion active hybrid resist for nanopatterning. The contrast (γ) and sensitivity (E0) of this resist were calculated from the contrast curve as 0.73 and 7.2 μC/cm2, respectively.
Myocardial glucose utilization was influenced by substrates and medications, including statins and DPP4i. MRGlu could discriminate between viable and non-viable myocardium, and MRGlu in transmural match and reverse mismatch may be prognostic predictors of cardiovascular death in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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