The purpose of this study was to explore how returning to teaching during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic impacted teachers' stress and anxiety. Specifically, the study investigated how teachers' anxiety changed during the first month of school. Additionally, the study explored the association of teachers' stress and anxiety and predictor variables for changes in teacher anxiety while teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study included 329 elementary teachers from across the United States who completed a survey during the first week of October 2020. The results found that most teachers saw no change or an increase in anxiety during the first month. Significant predictors of increased teacher anxiety included stress and communication within the school, with virtual instruction teachers having the most increase in anxiety. In comparison, the no change in anxiety group included significant predictors of stress, virtual instruction, and communication within the school. The present study provides applicable information to schools and districts as there is limited empirical research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teachers. Teachers are working as frontline workers during the pandemic; thus, schools and districts need to monitor teacher stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide the necessary support. Impact and ImplicationsThe purpose of this study was to explore how returning to teaching during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic impacted teachers' stress and anxiety. The results explored how teachers' anxiety changed throughout the first month of the 2020-2021 school year, variables related to teacher stress and anxieties, and predictor variables for changes in teacher anxiety. Specifically, a majority of the teachers saw no change or an increase in anxiety during the first month. Significant predictors of increased teacher anxiety included stress and communication, with virtual instruction teachers having the most increase in anxiety. In comparison, the no change in anxiety group included significant predictors of stress, virtual instruction, and communication within the school. The study also found significant associations between stress and anxiety.
This article provides a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the current evidence for universal school‐based (USB) social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions for students in kindergarten through 12th grade available from 2008 through 2020. The sample includes 424 studies from 53 countries, reflecting 252 discrete USB SEL interventions, involving 575,361 students. Results endorsed that, compared to control conditions, students who participate in USB SEL interventions experienced significantly improved skills, attitudes, behaviors, school climate and safety, peer relationships, school functioning, and academic achievement. Significant heterogeneity in USB SEL content, intervention features, context, and implementation quality moderated student experiences and outcomes. Strengths and limitations of this evidence and implications for future USB SEL research, policy, and practice are discussed.
This article provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence for universal school-based (USB) social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions for students in kindergarten through 12th grade available from 2008 through 2020. The sample includes 424 studies from 53 countries, reflecting 252 discrete USB SEL interventions, involving 575,361 students. Results endorsed that, compared to control conditions, students who participate in USB SEL interventions experienced significantly improved skills, attitudes, behaviors, school climate and safety, peer relationships, school functioning, and academic achievement. Significant heterogeneity in USB SEL content, intervention features, context, and implementation quality moderated student experiences and outcomes. Strengths and limitations of this evidence and implications for future USB SEL research, policy, and practice are discussed.
This study focused on elementary teachers' perceptions of smart learning issues to suggest a better future teachers' training program to support student's smart learning in classrooms. Rapidly developing technology changes every aspect of our life. In order for twenty-first century learners to prepare for this technologically ever advancing world, teachers also should make any necessary adaptations to the changes. The use of smart devices and social networking systems is becoming more common in classrooms throughout the country. Thus, it is necessary for public schools to make appropriate changes in aspects of their technology infrastructures and instructional methods and resources for smart learning. To this end, teacher competencies are regarded as a critical factor in the successful implementation of smart learning. Smart learning is not just learning with smart devices but the learning that smart technology can afford. Prior studies have indicated that teachers' positive perceptions and knowledge of technology are associated with the successful implementation of computer-based learning. Building upon the previous research, this study investigated to what extent teachers' educational beliefs as well as teachers' positive perception, and knowledge of technology are associated with teachers' perception on smart learning. For this study, a total of 438 elementary teachers in South Korea participated in the survey on smart learning related questions including teachers' educational beliefs, technology support system in their schools, teachers' efficacy of technology-based teaching & learning, teachers' perspective on computer-based learning and perspective on smart learning. First, the result showed that the correlations between the all measured variables were statistically significant. Then, a path analysis model of teachers' perception on smart learning was constructed, and its statistical validity was confirmed. The path model revealed that teachers' educational beliefs directly influence teachers' ICT-related knowledge and usage in the classroom. In addition, teacher's education beliefs also directly influence teachers' perception on computer-based learning and smart learning. This indicates that the smart learning shares student-centered learning beliefs. Moreover, teacher's perception on smart learning is influenced by their perception on computer-based learning, and this was in turn affected by the degree of teachers' knowledge and usage of technology. In other words, teachers who have more students-centered learning beliefs and a higher level of ICT-related knowledge and usage seemed to have a more positive view on smart learning. Also, the more technology support system school provided, the more positive perspective the teachers have on smart learning. The results of this study have implications for both pre-service and in-service teacher professional development. The
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