Integration of electric vehicles (EVs), demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system. A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station (BSS) bundled with PV (photovoltaic) power. Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration. The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS. The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand. Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand. A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station's net profit. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization. Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries, chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.

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The power plant boiler is one of the most important facilities in thermal power plants. The thermal efficiency of power plant boilers is the index. This paper discusses the relationship between the boiler thermal efficiency and the coefficient of excess air via two methods, one is called the simplified calculating formula and the other is the calculating formula according to the The People's Republic of China national standard power plant boiler performance test procedures. According to the proposed methods, by solving the same optimal problem, optimum excess air coefficients are obtained. Then a comparative analysis is given. Moreover, an improved way for saving calculation time to get the coefficients of the mixed coal in the so called simplified calculating formula is developed.