This longitudinal qualitative study explores the impact of natural disasters on religious attachment (perceived relationship with God). We sought to validate and conceptually extend the religion-as-attachment model in a postdisaster context. Method: At 4 weeks (T1; n ϭ 36) and 6 months postdisaster (T2; n ϭ 29), survivors of the 2016 Louisiana flood completed a disaster-adapted version of the Religious Attachment Interview (Granqvist & Main, 2017). Results: At T1 and T2, survivors emphasized God being a safe haven (source of protection, comfort, or nurturance). This emphasis was especially pronounced for survivors who were directly affected (their home or business flooded) or had previous disaster exposure to Hurricane Katrina. Overall, survivors consistently emphasized God serving as a stronger and wiser attachment figure, and it was rare for them to report experiencing perceived separation or loss of intimacy from God. At T1 and T2, around 85% of survivors described their current religious attachment as either having a positive affective quality (e.g., closer, stronger) or as no different from before the disaster; around 15% said it had a negative affective quality (e.g., disappointed, strained). In describing their postdisaster religion/spirituality, survivors highlighted (a) God being a source of love, comfort, strength, and hope; (b) actively putting trust/faith in God; and (c) experiencing God through family/community. Conclusion: Results support and conceptually extend the religion-as-attachment model in a postdisaster context. Findings suggest disasters activate the attachment system, and survivors commonly view and relate with God as an attachment figure, especially one who serves as a safe haven. Clinical Impact StatementPractitioners can encourage religious natural-disaster survivors to draw on their relationship with God as a source of coping, support, and resilience. Interventions can help them cultivate a security-enhancing connection with a benevolent, stronger-and-wiser God-an ever-present safe haven who helps them navigate their recovery.
The world's river system has more than 50,000 dams and reservoirs that offer valuable services to maximize the benefits of surface water resources (ICOLD, 2020). These benefits include flood control, hydropower generation, navigation, and recreational uses (Gao et al., 2012;A. Getirana et al., 2020;Passaia et al., 2020). Largely mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1936, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has been building and managing numerous dams and reservoirs. Many of these reservoirs were built to attenuate flood events, thereby lowering peak flows and limiting flood inundation extents in the downstream watersheds (Turner et al., 2020). In the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) (covering 40% of the contiguous Abstract Despite the recent developments in continental-scale streamflow and flood inundation modeling frameworks, effects of time-specific and spatially explicit storage-release dynamics of numerous dams and reservoirs remain underexplored. This paper fills this knowledge gap by directly inserting operational daily flow release data at 175 dam locations into a streamflow simulation of ∼1.2 million river reaches in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB), and therefore quantifying the effect of these regulations on streamflow and flood inundation extents. Using a streamflow routing model called the Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge (RAPID) and flood inundation mapping model called AutoRoute, two simulation scenarios were constructed respectively including and excluding the daily flow releases from those dams and reservoirs for a 10-year period (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). Flood inundation maps were simulated for peak flow conditions at a ∼10-m hyper spatial resolution. Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) values show that streamflow model performance considerably improved when reservoirs were included in the modeled system, varying from 2% in the eastern region to 380% in the drier western region. Despite small variation of streamflow model improvement with reservoir release inclusion in the eastern region of the basin, the flow model was able to better capture observed peak flows. For a 1% change in streamflow, we observe a 0.8% change in estimated flood inundation. Comparisons to three observed flood events in the MRB demonstrate that the flood inundation estimates improve when percent change in streamflow is relatively high. Overall, inclusion of reservoir release resulted in substantial improvement in continentalscale streamflow and flood inundation mapping.Plain Language Summary Dams and reservoirs are important structures that alter the flow of rivers to provide important services such as flood reduction, hydropower generation, and water storage for irrigation and recreation. We can use computer modeling to simulate the flow of rivers and the operation of dams. Most of the time, researchers approximate the operation of dams using various assumptions. However, we do not fully understand how much the real-life operation of reservoirs impacts rive...
Abstract. The flooding brought about by compound coastal flooding can be devastating. Before, during, and immediately following these events, flood inundation maps, or Events Maps, can provide essential information to emergency management. However, there are a number of frameworks capable of estimating Event Maps during flood events. In this article, we evaluate three such Event Map frameworks in the context of Hurricane Harvey. Our analysis reveals that each of the three frameworks provide different inundation maps that differ in their level of accuracy. Each of the three Event Maps also produce different exposure and consequence estimates because of their physical differences. This investigation highlights the need for a centralized means of vetting and adjudicating multiple Event Maps during compound flood events empowered by the ability to distribute Event Maps as geographic information system (GIS) services and coalesce Event Maps into a common operating picture. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the ability to produce multi-model estimates of Events Maps to create probabilistic Event Maps may provide a better product than the use of a lone Event Map.
Abstract. The flooding brought about by compound coastal flooding events can be devastating. Before, during, and immediately following these events, flood inundation maps (FIMs) can provide essential information to emergency management. However, there are a number of frameworks capable of estimating FIMs during flood events. In this article, we evaluate FIMs derived from three such frameworks in the context of Hurricane Harvey. Our analysis reveals that each of the three FIM frameworks provides different FIMs that differ in their level of accuracy. Each of the three FIMs also produces different exposure and consequence estimates because of their spatial differences. This investigation highlights the need for a centralized means of vetting and adjudicating multiple FIMs during compound flood events empowered by the ability to distribute FIMs as geographic information system (GIS) services and coalesce FIMs into a common operating picture. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the ability to produce multi-model estimates of FIMs to create probabilistic FIMs may provide a better product than the use of a lone FIM.
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