Objectives
This study seeks to determine the role of neighborhood poverty and racial composition on race disparities in diabetes prevalence.
Methods
Using data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and 2000 U.S. Census, we estimate the impact of individual race and poverty and neighborhood racial composition and poverty concentration on the odds of having diabetes.
Results
We found a race-poverty-place gradient for diabetes prevalence for blacks and poor whites. The odds of having diabetes was higher for blacks compared to whites. Individual poverty increased the odds of having diabetes for both whites and blacks. Living in a poor neighborhood increased the odds of having diabetes for blacks and poor whites.
Conclusions
To address race disparities in diabetes, policymakers should address problems created by concentrated poverty, e.g., lack of access to reasonably priced fruits and vegetables, recreational facilities, and health care services, and high crime rates, and greater exposures to environmental toxins. Housing and development policies in urban areas should avoid creating high poverty neighborhoods.
In all, 19 research subjects, with current histories of frequent cocaine use, were exposed to cocaine-related cues to elicit drug craving. We measured the change of occupancy of dopamine at D2-like receptors with positron emission tomography (PET) and inferred a change of intrasynaptic dopamine (endogenous dopamine release), based on the displacement of radiotracer [11 C]raclopride. Receptor occupancy by dopamine increased significantly in putamen of participants who reported cue-elicited craving compared to those who did not. Further, the intensity of craving was positively correlated with the increase in dopamine receptor occupancy in the putamen. These results provide direct evidence that occupancy of dopamine receptors in human dorsal striatum increased in proportion to subjective craving, presumably because of increased release of intrasynaptic dopamine.
Smoking places the patient at risk for increased time to union and complications. Previous smoking history also appears to increase the risk of osteomyelitis and increased time to union. The results highlight the need for orthopaedic surgeons to encourage their patients to enter a smoking cessation programs.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.