In recent years, rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have received much attention. However, the disproportionation effect of Mn2+ seriously affects the capacity retention of ZIBs during cycling. Here, the capacity retention of the Mn3O4 cathode is improved by effective valence engineering. The valence engineering of Mn3O4 is caused by bulk oxygen defects, which are in situ derived from the Mn‐metal organic framework during carbonization. Bulk oxygen defects can change the (MnO6) octahedral structure, which improves structural stability and inhibits the dissolution of Mn2+. The ZIB assembled from bulk oxygen defects Mn3O4@C nanorod arrays (Od‐Mn3O4@C NA/CC) exhibits an ultra‐long cycle life, reaching 84.1 mAh g−1 after 12 000 cycles at 5 A g−1 (up to 95.7% of the initial capacity). Furthermore, the battery has a high specific capacity of 396.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. Ex situ characterization results show that initial Mn3O4 is converted to ramsdellite MnO2 for insertion and extraction of H+ and Zn2+. First‐principles calculations show that the charge density of Mn3+ increases greatly, which improves the conductivity. In addition, the flexible quasi‐solid‐state ZIB is successfully assembled using Od‐Mn3O4 @ C NA/CC. Valence engineering induced by bulk oxygen defects can help develop advanced cathodes for aqueous ZIB.
Background Depicting the heterogeneity and functional characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is necessary to achieve precision medicine for bladder cancer (BLCA). Although classical molecular subtypes effectively reflect TME heterogeneity and characteristics, their clinical application is limited by several issues. Methods In this study, we integrated the Xiangya cohort and multiple external BLCA cohorts to develop a novel 5-methylcytosine (5mC) regulator-mediated molecular subtype system and a corresponding quantitative indicator, the 5mC score. Unsupervised clustering was performed to identify novel 5mC regulator-mediated molecular subtypes. The principal component analysis was applied to calculate the 5mC score. Then, we correlated the 5mC clusters (5mC score) with classical molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic opportunities in BLCA. Finally, we performed pancancer analyses on the 5mC score. Results Two 5mC clusters, including 5mC cluster 1 and cluster 2, were identified. These novel 5mC clusters (5mC score) could accurately predict classical molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, prognosis, and therapeutic opportunities of BLCA. 5mC cluster 1 (high 5mC score) indicated a luminal subtype and noninflamed phenotype, characterized by lower anticancer immunity but better prognosis. Moreover, 5mC cluster 1 (high 5mC score) predicted low sensitivity to cancer immunotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, but high sensitivity to antiangiogenic therapy and targeted therapies, such as blocking the β-catenin, FGFR3, and PPAR-γ pathways. Conclusions The novel 5mC regulator-based subtype system reflects many aspects of BLCA biology and provides new insights into precision medicine in BLCA. Furthermore, the 5mC score may be a generalizable predictor of immunotherapy response and prognosis in pancancers.
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