On November 5, 2015, the rupture occurred of the Fundão dam of the mining company Samarco, located in the sub-district of Bento Rodrigues-MG, 35 km from the center of the Brazilian municipality of Mariana-MG, approximately 16.000 Olympic pools of mining residue circulated through the district of Bento Rodrigues in a period of only 11 minutes. The plume of this environmental impact extended approximately 800 km in the Rio Doce basin, between Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo. The Ipiranga river, located between Linhares and São Mateus, was one of the last sites affected by the waste from the Doce river basin, having contact with the sea in the Urussuquara-ES restinga, a place that is a nursery of biodiversity, especially the marine and estuarine ichthyofauna, besides being of great importance for artisanal fishing and ecotourism. The present study aimed to monitor the Ipiranga River and Urussuquara Beach for all seasonal seasons, beginning in September 2017 and ending in May 2018, the following variables were analyzed: dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, hydrogenation potential (pH), transparent, temperature, depth and total dissolved solids, comparing them to the Resolution CONAMA n°. 357, de 17/03/2005, with the purpose of evaluating the quality of estuarine and marine waters. The results found were alarming and evident foci of negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem and society dependent on artisanal fishing for their subsistence.
Sumário: 1. Introdução; 2. O modelo teórico; 3. Estimação e resultados; 4. Conclusão; A. Apêndice. Palavras-chave: microeconomia; economia do esporte; modelos Logit multivariados e ordenados; modelos em painel. Códigos JEL: D11; D12; L83; C33; C35.Este trabalho modela o comportamento de torcidas do futebol profissional brasileiro no que se refere à presença nos estádios. A partir daí, busca testar a fidelidade das mesmas no campeonato brasileiro de 2004. Para isso estima, para os grandes times nacionais, quais foram as torcidas cujo número de torcedores presentes nos jogos pode ser explicado pela expectativa da torcida com relação ao resultado do jogo. Assim, dois passos são seguidos, ambos baseados no nacional de 2004: o primeiro procura estimar, jogo a jogo, um vetor de probabilidade de vitória, empate e derrota do time, através de um Logit Ordenado; o segundo busca estimar, torcida a torcida, quais têm a presença nos estádios determinada pela expectativa percebida com relação ao resultado do jogo. Para tal campeonato, apenas 3 torcidas aparecem como infiéis, quais sejam, dos clubes Atlético Mineiro, Grêmio e Internacional de Porto Alegre.
In this paper we built a model of political economy to explain the tenure of coaches in Brazilian soccer. According to the model, a club's board of directors maximizes its reputation by choosing the grade of the technical committee. Then, based on data from the Brazilian National Soccer League, we used coaching continuity as a proxy for the grade variable and duration analysis techniques to test the model's propositions. According to the empirical analysis, and in line with the theoretical model, a coach's performance is key to determining his continuity at a club. This model allows us to identify a parameter that gives, literally, the effect of the club's performance upon the supporters' perception about the board's work. This parameter is an important determinant of the stability of a coach in charge of a soccer team.
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