The cost-effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX Ò ) 100 U ? best supportive care (BSC) was compared with BSC alone in the management of idiopathic overactive bladder in adult patients who are not adequately managed with anticholinergics. BSC included incontinence pads and, for a proportion of patients, anticholinergics and/or occasional clean intermittent catheterisation. A five-state Markov model was used to estimate total costs and outcomes over a 10-year period. The cohort was based on data from two placebo-controlled trials and a long-term extension study of onabotulinumtoxinA. After discontinuation of initial treatment, a proportion of patients progressed to downstream sacral nerve stimulation (SNS). Cost and resource use was estimated from a National Health Service perspective in England and Wales using relevant reference sources for 2012 or 2013. Results showed that onabotulinumtoxinA was associated with lower costs and greater health benefits than BSC in the base case, with probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicating an 89 % probability that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio would fall below £20,000. OnabotulinumtoxinA remained dominant over BSC in all but two scenarios tested; it was also economically dominant when compared directly with SNS therapy. In conclusion, onabotulinumtoxinA appears to be a cost-effective treatment for overactive bladder compared with BSC alone.
ContextOnabotulinumtoxinA and mirabegron have recently gained marketing authorisation to treat symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB).ObjectiveTo evaluate the relative efficacy of mirabegron and onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with idiopathic OAB.DesignNetwork meta-analysis.Data sourcesA search of 9 electronic databases, review documents, guidelines and websites.MethodsRandomised trials comparing any licensed dose of onabotulinumtoxinA or mirabegron with each other, anticholinergic drugs or placebo were eligible (19 randomised trials were identified). 1 reviewer extracted data from the studies and a second reviewer checked the data. Candidate trials were assessed for similarity and networks were developed for each outcome. Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted using both fixed-effects and random-effects models. When there were differences in mean baseline values between mirabegron and onabotulinumtoxinA trials they were adjusted for using network meta-regression (NMR).ResultsNo studies directly comparing onabotulinumtoxinA to mirabegron were identified. A network was created for each of the 7 outcomes, with 3–9 studies included in each individual network. The trials included in the networks were broadly similar. Patients in the onabotulinumtoxinA trials had more urinary incontinence and urgency episodes at baseline than patients in the mirabegron trials and these differences were adjusted for using NMR. Both onabotulinumtoxinA and mirabegron were more efficacious than placebo at reducing the frequency of urinary incontinence, urgency, urination and nocturia. OnabotulinumtoxinA was more efficacious than mirabegron (50 and 25 mg) in completely resolving daily episodes of urinary incontinence and urgency and in reducing the frequency of urinary incontinence, urgency and urination. NMR supported the results of the network meta-analysis.ConclusionsIn the absence of head-to-head trials comparing onabotulinumtoxinA to mirabegron, this indirect comparison indicates that onabotulinumtoxinA may be superior to mirabegron in improving symptoms of urinary incontinence, urgency and urinary frequency in patients with idiopathic OAB.
LPD from Taiwan health care payer's perspective. Methods: A Markov was designed to simulate outcomes of two options in a hypothetical cohort of adult CKD patients with eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m 2 : (1) Initiation of LPD plus KA, and (2) watchful-waiting on LPD and initiation of KA at eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73m 2 . The Markov states included CKD stage 4 and 5, hemodialysis, and death. Total direct medical cost and qualityadjusted life-years (QALYs) gained were calculated over a maximum period of 10 years. Model inputs were derived from literature. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of uncertainty in all model variables. Results: In base-case analysis, early KA initiation group (3.926 QALYs and USD548,191) gained higher QALYs and cost less than the watchful-waiting group (3.787 QALYs and USD887,608) (USD1= NTD30). Sensitivity analysis indicated that early KA initiation at eGFR at 17-29 mL/min/1.73m 2 would be the preferred cost-effective option if reduction of eGFR decline associated with LPD plus KA was 4% or above. When KA was initiated at eGFR 15-17 mL/min/1.73m 2 , it would remain cost-effective if the reduction of eGFR decline associated with LPD plus KA was 13.5% or above. 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations showed early KA initiation group to be less costly with higher QALY gained than watchful-waiting group by USD333,655 (95% CI 332,174-335,137) and 0.160 (95% CI 0.140-0.180) QALYs, respectively. ConClusions: KA Initiation with LPD in CKD patients as early as eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m 2 seems to be cost-effective in Taiwan.
ObjectivesTo evaluate the cost effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®, 200 units [200 U]) for the management of urinary incontinence (UI) in adults with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) due to subcervical spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis that is not adequately managed with anticholinergic drugs (ACHDs).PerspectiveUK National Health Service (NHS) perspective.MethodsA Markov state-transition model was developed, which compared onabotulinumtoxinA + best supportive care (BSC) with BSC alone (comprising behavioural therapy and pads, alone or in combination with clean intermittent catheterization and possibly with ACHDs). Non-responders were eligible for invasive procedures. Health states were defined according to the reduction in UI episodes. Efficacy data and estimates of resource utilization were pooled from 468 patients on onabotulinumtoxinA in two phase III clinical trials. Drug costs (2013) and administration costs (NHS Reference Costs 2011–2012) were obtained from published sources. The time horizon of the model was 5 years, and costs and benefits were discounted at 3.5 %. Scenario, one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSAs) were conducted to explore uncertainties around the assumptions.ResultsIn the base case, treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA + BSC over 5 years was associated with an increase in costs of £1,689 and an increase in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of 0.4, compared with BSC alone, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £3,850 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analyses showed that utility values had the greatest influence on model results. PSA suggests that onabotulinumtoxinA + BSC had a 100 % probability of being cost effective at a willingness to pay of <£20,000.ConclusionFor adult patients with NDO who are not adequately managed with ACHDs, onabotulinumtoxinA + BSC appears to be a cost-effective use of resources in the UK NHS.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0245-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
LPD from Taiwan health care payer's perspective. Methods: A Markov was designed to simulate outcomes of two options in a hypothetical cohort of adult CKD patients with eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m 2 : (1) Initiation of LPD plus KA, and (2) watchful-waiting on LPD and initiation of KA at eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73m 2 . The Markov states included CKD stage 4 and 5, hemodialysis, and death. Total direct medical cost and qualityadjusted life-years (QALYs) gained were calculated over a maximum period of 10 years. Model inputs were derived from literature. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of uncertainty in all model variables. Results: In base-case analysis, early KA initiation group (3.926 QALYs and USD548,191) gained higher QALYs and cost less than the watchful-waiting group (3.787 QALYs and USD887,608) (USD1= NTD30). Sensitivity analysis indicated that early KA initiation at eGFR at 17-29 mL/min/1.73m 2 would be the preferred cost-effective option if reduction of eGFR decline associated with LPD plus KA was 4% or above. When KA was initiated at eGFR 15-17 mL/min/1.73m 2 , it would remain cost-effective if the reduction of eGFR decline associated with LPD plus KA was 13.5% or above. 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations showed early KA initiation group to be less costly with higher QALY gained than watchful-waiting group by USD333,655 (95% CI 332,174-335,137) and 0.160 (95% CI 0.140-0.180) QALYs, respectively. ConClusions: KA Initiation with LPD in CKD patients as early as eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m 2 seems to be cost-effective in Taiwan.
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