American Cancer Society; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Swiss Re; Swiss Cancer Research foundation; Swiss Cancer League; Institut National du Cancer; La Ligue Contre le Cancer; Rossy Family Foundation; US National Cancer Institute; and the Susan G Komen Foundation.

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The human genome is thought to harbor 50,000 to 100,000 genes, of which about half have been sampled to date in the form of expressed sequence tags. An international consortium was organized to develop and map gene-based sequence tagged site markers on a set of two radiation hybrid panels and a yeast artificial chromosome library. More than 16,000 human genes have been mapped relative to a framework map that contains about 1000 polymorphic genetic markers. The gene map unifies the existing genetic and physical maps with the nucleotide and protein sequence databases in a fashion that should speed the discovery of genes underlying inherited human disease. The integrated resource is available through a site on the World Wide Web at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/.

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In humans, some evidence suggests that there are two different types of spindles during sleep, which differ by their scalp topography and possibly some aspects of their regulation. To test for the existence of two different spindle types, we characterized the activity associated with slow (11-13 Hz) and fast (13-15 Hz) spindles, identified as discrete events during non-rapid eye movement sleep, in non-sleepdeprived human volunteers, using simultaneous electroencephalography and functional MRI. An activation pattern common to both spindle types involved the thalami, paralimbic areas (anterior cingulate and insular cortices), and superior temporal gyri. No thalamic difference was detected in the direct comparison between slow and fast spindles although some thalamic areas were preferentially activated in relation to either spindle type. Beyond the common activation pattern, the increases in cortical activity differed significantly between the two spindle types. Slow spindles were associated with increased activity in the superior frontal gyrus. In contrast, fast spindles recruited a set of cortical regions involved in sensorimotor processing, as well as the mesial frontal cortex and hippocampus. The recruitment of partially segregated cortical networks for slow and fast spindles further supports the existence of two spindle types during human non-rapid eye movement sleep, with potentially different functional significance.H uman sleep is associated with a profound modification of consciousness and the emergence of distinct sleep oscillations. In the early stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, electroencephalographic recordings show characteristic spindle oscillations. In humans, spindles consist of waxing-and-waning 11-to 15-Hz oscillations, lasting 0.5-3 sec. At the cellular level, spindles are associated with substantial neuronal activity. Spindles arise from cyclic inhibition of thalamo-cortical (TC) neurons by reticular thalamic neurons. Postinihibitory rebound spike bursts in TC cells entrain cortical populations in spindle oscillations (1). These neuronal mechanisms, which involve large TC populations, are thought to shape the processing of information during light NREM sleep and participate in the alteration of consciousness that characterizes this stage of sleep.Little is known on the cerebral correlates of human spindles. Early positron emission tomography studies reported a negative relationship between thalamic cerebral blood flow and the power spectrum in the spindle frequency band (2). However, the low temporal resolution of positron emission tomography did not allow for a fine-grained characterization of the cerebral correlates of human spindles. In addition, two kinds of spindles are described in humans. Slow spindles (Ͻ13 Hz) predominate over frontal, whereas fast spindles (Ͼ13 Hz) prevail over centro-parietal areas. The difference in spindle scalp topography is also reflected by profound functional differences. These two spindling activities differ by their circadian and homeostatic regul...

Software correlation, where a correlation algorithm written in a high-level language such as C++ is run on commodity computer hardware, has become increasingly attractive for small to medium sized and/or bandwidth constrained radio interferometers. In particular, many long baseline arrays (which typically have fewer than 20 elements and are restricted in observing bandwidth by costly recording hardware and media) have utilized software correlators for rapid, costeffective correlator upgrades to allow compatibility with new, wider bandwidth recording systems and improve correlator flexibility. The DiFX correlator, made publicly available in 2007, has been a popular choice in such upgrades and is now used for production correlation by a number of observatories and research groups worldwide. Here we describe the evolution in the capabilities of the DiFX correlator over the past three years, including a number of new capabilities, substantial performance improvements, and a large amount of supporting infrastructure to ease use of the code. New capabilities include the ability to correlate a large number of phase centers in a single correlation pass, the extraction of phase calibration tones, correlation of disparate but overlapping sub-bands, the production of rapidly sampled filterbank and kurtosis data at minimal cost, and many more.The latest version of the code is at least 15% faster than the original, and in certain situations many times this value. Finally, we also present detailed test results validating the correctness of the new code.

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are brief radio emissions from distant astronomical sources. Some are known to repeat, but most are single bursts. Non-repeating FRB observations have had insufficient positional accuracy to localize them to an individual host galaxy. We report the interferometric localization of the single pulse FRB 180924 to a position 4 kpc from the center of a luminous galaxy at redshift 0.3214. The burst has not been observed to repeat. The properties of the burst and its host are markedly different from the only other accurately localized FRB source. The integrated electron column density along the line of sight closely matches models of the intergalactic medium, indicating that some FRBs are clean probes of the baryonic component of the cosmic web.Cosmological observations have shown that baryons comprise 4% of the energy density of the Universe, of which only about 10% is in cold gas and stars (1), with the remainder residing in a diffuse plasma surrounding and in between galaxies and galaxy clusters. The location and density of this material has been challenging to characterize, and up to 50% of it remains unaccounted (2).Fast radio bursts (FRBs; ref.(3)) are bright bursts of radio waves with millisecond duration. They can potentially be used to detect, study, and map this medium, as bursts of emission are dispersed and scattered by their 1 arXiv:1906.11476v1 [astro-ph.HE] 27 Jun 2019 dual-polarization beams on the sky using digital beamforming, producing a total field-of-view of ∼ 30 deg 2 . For burst detection, the beamformers produces channelized autocorrelation spectra for both linear polarizations of all beams, with an integration time of 864 µs and channel bandwidth of 1 MHz in these observations. We used 336 channels centered at 1320 MHz. A real-time detection pipeline incoherently adds the spectra from all available antennas (24 antennas in these observations) and polarization channels, then searches (16) the result for dispersed pulses (17).Burst localization is completed with a second data product that utilizes both the amplitude and phase information of the burst radiation. The beamformers store samples of the complex electric field for all beams and both polarizations in a ring buffer of 3.1 s duration, with the oldest data being continuously overwritten by new data. The data are saved for offline interferometric analysis only when the pipeline identifies a candidate. For the searches reported here the triggering required pulses with widths less than 9 ms and S/N > 10.Previous searches with ASKAP used antennas pointed in different directions to maximize sky coverage (10,16). In contrast, our observations used antennas all pointed in the same direction, enabling the array to act as an interferometer capable of sub-arcsecond localization with a 30 deg 2 field of view. We targeted high Galactic latitude fields (Galactic latitude |b| ∼ 50 • ), that had been observed previously (10, 16), and Southern circumpolar fields. The high-latitude fields were observed regularly through 2017 and earl...

Abstract. It has been proposed that Jupiter's satellite Europa currently possesses a global subsurface ocean of liquid water. Galileo gravity data verify that the satellite is differentiated into an outer H20 layer about 100 km thick but cannot determine the current physical state of this layer (liquid or solid). Here we summarize the geological evidence regarding an extant subsurface ocean, concentrating on Galileo imaging data. We describe and assess