Here, we detail how the catalytic behavior of immobilized molecular electrocatalysts for the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) can be impacted by catalyst aggregation. Operando Raman spectroscopy was used to study the CO 2 RR mediated by a layer of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) immobilized on the cathode of an electrochemical flow reactor. We demonstrate that during electrolysis, the oxidation state of CoPc in the catalyst layer is dependent upon the degree of catalyst aggregation. Our data indicate that immobilized molecular catalysts must be dispersed on conductive supports to mitigate the formation of aggregates and produce meaningful performance data. We leveraged insights from this mechanistic study to engineer an improved CO-forming immobilized molecular catalyst�cobalt octaethoxyphthalocyanine (EtO 8 −CoPc)�that exhibited high selectivity (FE CO ≥ 95%), high partial current density (J CO ≥ 300 mA/cm 2 ), and high durability (ΔFE CO < 0.1%/h at 150 mA/cm 2 ) in a flow cell. This work demonstrates how to accurately identify CO 2 RR active species of molecular catalysts using operando Raman spectroscopy and how to use this information to implement improved molecular electrocatalysts into flow cells. This work also shows that the active site of CoPc during CO 2 RR catalysis in a flow cell is the metal center.
A first-row metal phthalocyanine series is synthesized and the effects of axial metal-ligand substitution is investigated electrochemically and in the context of charge carriers for redox-flow batteries.
Here,
we quantify the effect of an external magnetic field (β)
on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for a cobalt oxide|fluorine-doped
tin oxide coated glass (CoO
x
|FTO) anode.
A bespoke apparatus enables us to precisely determine the relationship
between magnetic flux density (β) and OER activity at the surface
of a CoO
x
|FTO anode. The apparatus includes
a strong NdFeB magnet (β
max
= 450 ± 1 mT) capable of producing a magnetic field of
371 ± 1 mT at the surface of the anode. The distance between
the magnet and the anode surface is controlled by a linear actuator,
enabling submillimeter distance positioning of the magnet relative
to the anode surface. We couple this apparatus with a finite element
analysis magnetic model that was validated by Hall probe measurements
to determine the value of β at the anode surface. At the largest
tested magnetic field strength of β = 371 ± 1 mT, a 4.7%
increase in current at 1.5 V vs the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)
and a change in the Tafel slope of 14.5 mV/dec were observed. We demonstrate
through a series of OER measurements at sequential values of β
that the enhancement consists of two distinct regions. The possible
use of this effect to improve the energy efficiency of commercial
water electrolyzers is discussed, and major challenges pertaining
to the accurate measurement of the phenomenon are demonstrated.
The synthesis and characterization of a new phthalocyanine (Pc) Mn-nitride complex, ( OEt Pc)MnN (2; OEt Pc = 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,, as well as its stable, readily accessible oxidized (2 + and 2 2+ ) and reduced (2 -, 2 2-) congeners is reported. This unique isostructural series displays switchable aromatic character spanning the aromatic (2), non-aromatic (2 2+ ), and antiaromatic (2 2-) triad, in addition to the open-shell radical states (2 + , 2 -). All complexes were structurally characterized and displayed significant structural distortions at the redox extrema (2 2+ , 2 2-) consistent with proposed [16 or 18]annulene ring circuit models. Spectroscopic and computational studies further support these models. This isolated, fully characterized, isostructural series spanning five redox states (2 2+ , 2 + , 2, 2 -, 2 2-) is unique in both the Pc and related macrocyclic (ex. porphyrinoids) literature and may offer direct insight into structural-electronic correlations driven by switchable aromaticity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.