for the EVA-3S InvestigatorsBackground and Purpose-Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) may be more often associated with residual or recurrent stenosis than carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We compared the rates of restenosis in patients treated with CAS or CEA in the EVA-3S trial. Methods-Five hundred seven patients (242 treated by CAS and 265 by CEA) had carotid ultrasound follow-up (mean carotid ultrasound follow-up, 2.1 years) according to a predefined protocol. Carotid restenosis of 50% to 69% was diagnosed on planimetry, whereas carotid restenosis of Ն70% or occlusion was diagnosed using either planimetry or velocity criteria. Results-The rate of carotid restenosis of Ն50% or occlusion was significantly higher after CAS (12.5%) than after CEA (5.0%; time ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.76; Pϭ0.02). The rates of severe restenosis of Ն70% or occlusion were low and did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (3-year rates are 3.3% in the CAS group and 2.8% in the CEA group). Age at baseline was the only vascular risk factor significantly associated with carotid restenosis. Our study could not detect any effect of carotid restenosis on ipsilateral stroke. Conclusions-The short-term rate of carotid restenosis of Ն50% or occlusion is Ϸ2.5-times more common after CAS than after CEA, a difference accounted for by an excess risk in moderate restenosis. More data with longer follow-up are needed to assess the rates of late severe restenosis and to determine the relation between restenosis and recurrent stroke over time.