Analysis of the current scientific literature related to the anterolateral ligament and layer-by-layer dissection of the lateral region of 14 cadaveric knees has led to the conclusion that the anterolateral ligament is a thickening of the knee joint capsule located in the third layer of the lateral region of the knee (according to Seebacher) which is not always clearly morphologically differentiated from the remainder of the joint capsule. The anterolateral ligament is unequivocally a part of the joint capsule, which is why any damage to it should be treated in the same way as any other damage to the joint capsule.

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, commonly known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), draw attention from specialists of various disorders, including gastroenterology, psychiatry, and radiology. The involvement of a cortical influence in the brain-gut axis as well as the interaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the peripheral nervous system provide an initial explanation of the psychological symptoms associated with IBD. The involvement of structures the limbic system, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala, paves the way for the discovery of the mechanisms underlying depression depression, anxiety, alexithymia, personality traits, and other psychological impairments following the onset of IBD. Psychiatric therapy in IBD patients is almost as important as the gastroenterological approach and consists of pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy. Neither of the available psychiatric treatment methods is considered the golden standard because both methods have side effects, and psychotropic medication can provoke the worsening of IBD symptoms. Thus, both approaches must be applied with awareness of the possibility of side effects. We suggest that psychiatrists and gastroenterologists work together to reach a consensus on IBD therapy to ensure success and to reduce side effects and relapse to the lowest possible rates.© 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.Key words: Inflammatory bowel disease; Psychiatry; Treatment; Personality traits; Depression; Anxiety Core tip: The involvement of a dysfunction of brain-gut interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is represented by a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, an abnormal hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a deleterious effect of stress and depression, an abnormal coupling of the prefrontal cortex-amygdaloid complex, and an abnormal relation between the microbiota and the brain as pro-inflammatory factors. New investigations have provided a critical link between forebrain changes and abdominal pain independent of active disease and drug treatment, providing a potential basis for an explanation of the psychological symptoms and brain influence in the pathogenesis of IBD.

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Actinomycosis of the anterior abdominal wall is a rare infection caused by different Actinomyces species. We report a case of primary actinomycosis localized on the anterior abdominal wall, diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan, postoperatively confirmed by histopathological examination and treated by surgical resection combined with postoperative antibiotic therapy. The patient has been free of recurrence after 1 year. A review of the available literature is also presented.

Studies of psychological condition of patients suffering from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are rather equivocal about the results: while some claim that NAFLD patients suffer from anxiety and depression more than non-NAFLD controls, others do not withstand those findings. Lower cognitive potentials have also been reported, both in patient related and in animal model-based investigations, and correlated with assessed brain tissue changes. We hypothesized that NAFLD, as a condition, affects the brain tissue and, subsequently, the cognitive state. So we compared findings in 40 NAFLD positive and 36 NAFLD negative patients and correlated their brain tissue volumes with the results of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Binomial logistic regression verified the influence of NAFLD state leading to lower cognitive potentials: odds ratio 0.096; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.032–0.289; p < 0.001. Patients with NAFLD had a greater risk to suffer from the cognitive impairment and depression: RR = 3.9; 95% CI 1.815–8.381; p = 0.0005 and RR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.16–2.36; p = 0.006. NAFLD significantly influenced the cognitive deficit and tissue volume reduction and patients suffering from NAFLD had about four times higher risk of having a cognitive impairment.

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Early separation of rat pups from their mothers (separatio a matrem) is considered and accepted as an animal model of perinatal stress. Adult rats, separated early postnatally from their mothers, are developing long-lasting changes in the brain and neuroendocrine system, corresponding to the findings observed in schizophrenia and affective disorders. With the aim to investigate the morphological changes in this animal model we exposed 9-day-old (P9) Wistar rats to a 24 h maternal deprivation (MD). At young adult age rats were sacrificed for morphometric analysis and their brains were compared with the control group bred under the same conditions, but without MD. Rats exposed to MD had a 28% smaller cell soma area in the prefrontal cortex (PFCX), 30% in retrosplenial cortex (RSCX), and 15% in motor cortex (MCX) compared to the controls. No difference was observed in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the neocortex of MD rats compared to the control group. The results of this study demonstrate that stress in early life has a long-term effect on neuronal soma size in cingulate and retrosplenial cortex and is potentially interesting as these structures play an important role in cognition.

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