Polar cap potential (PCV) is an important parameter used for determining what kind of interaction takes place between solar wind and magnetosphere. Highly energetic particles from Sun driven by solar wind constantly bombard with Earth's magnetosphere–ionosphere system that results into a phenomenon like auroras, and major geomagnetic disturbances. Solar wind electron deposition determines the magnitude of field‐aligned current (FAC) and ultimately leads to PCV variation. Several studies found that increase in magnitude of IMF‐Bz causes an electric field of cross magnetosphere to increase, and it leads to increase in magnitude of ionospheric cross‐polar cap potential (PCV). Moreover, PCV was found to be a linear function of Vsw. In this research, we aim to study how field‐aligned current (FAC), for example, region 1 current and PCV, is related during different forms of geomagnetic disturbances. In all events, FAC and PCV are found to have corresponding fluctuations—especially at times of significant variation of IMF‐Bz (negative Bz interval) following the linearity of equation suggested by Moon in Moon (2012, https://doi.org/10.5140/JASS.2012.29.3.259). We found one‐to‐one correspondence between FAC and PCV. We did CWT analysis and found that FAC and PCV have more or less same spectral behaviors for each event considered. The cross‐correlation analysis shows a high and positive correlation between FAC and PCV at 0‐min time lag for all geomagnetic activity. The CWT analysis clearly supports the result of cross correlation between FAC and PCV. We found that FAC and Vsw, FAC‐B, and FAC and AE are also positively correlated with high‐correlation coefficient at lag 0 min for all geomagnetic storm. However, FAC‐Bz, FAC‐By, and FAC‐SYM (H) have varying correlation in different events. For a particular storm and substorm, the parameters Bz and By may not necessarily be varied with FAC in regular sequence but IMF (B) always show positive correlation with FAC for all geomagnetic activity. This paper presents a clear relation between FAC and PCV. This result will help to identify some of the outstanding issues in determining the causal mechanism of PCV variation, a crucial thing to understanding the coupling between the solar wind and M‐I system.
High‐intensity long‐duration continuous auroral electrojet activities (HILDCAAs) are recognized as the continuous (duration >2 days) auroral electrojet activities (AE > 1,000 nT) caused by interplanetary Alfvén waves driving magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. This paper focuses on the study of geoeffectiveness of HILDCAA on the basis of associated geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and pipe‐to‐soil voltage (PSV) observed in an underground pipeline at Finnish Natural Gas Station, Mäntsälä. In this study, 113 HILDCAAs with different interplanetary sources (72 corotating interaction region‐storm preceded, 29 interplanetary coronal mass ejection‐storm preceded, and 12 nonstorm) have been selected and their possible contributions in underground pipeline corrosion have been quantitatively compared by assessing GIC/PSV profiles for each of these events. In addition, the spectral characteristics of GIC during these events have been studied using continuous wavelet transforms. The Morlet wavelet has been applied to 10‐s modeled GIC data corresponding to each event to explore the main band structures and the periodicities found in GIC spectrum. GIC/PSV modeling is based on plane wave method and distributed source transmission line analogy between pipelines and electric circuits. HILDCAAs are found to drive a small‐amplitude, but continuous, fluctuation in GIC throughout the event duration of several days. This makes the cumulative effect of HILDCAAs in pipeline corrosion noteworthy. The spectral analysis shows that GIC possesses both short‐term, as well as continuous, power distribution with different periodicities. CIR‐preceded HILDCAAs are found to be more geoeffective while taking associated GIC and PSV into account. Possible physical explanations supporting the results have been presented.
The magnetosphere of the Earth is temporarily changed by geomagnetic disturbances. Geomagnetic disturbances are caused by solar wind, shock wave or clouds of solar magnetic field. During their interactions energy is transferred into the magnetosphere. Apart from this, solar wind pressure also compresses the magnetosphere. Both kinds of interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magnetosphere and ionosphere. The geomagnetic disturbances may sustain for a few minutes to many hours depending upon the intensity of energy and particles released from the Sun. The geomagnetic disturbances are measured by geomagnetic indices for short periods of time. In this work, we discuss the impact of peculiar type of geomagnetic disturbances known as high intensity long duration continuous auroral activity on the Earth's ionosphere. This analysis leads to understand the impact on communication system due to coupling between solar terrestrial environments. It will also broaden the various aspects on how ionospheric critical frequency (foF2), F2 layer peak density height (hmF2), high frequency (hF) and horizontal component of earth magnetic field can be lifted from lower to higher altitudes.
We observed the interplanetary datasets, polar cap potential (PCV), three different types of High Intensity Long Duration Continuous AE Activities (HILDCAAs) and polar cap index (PCI) during geomagnetically quiet period. On each event, we examine the interplanetary electric field ( ), polar cap potential (PCV), polar cap index (PCI) and westward auroral electrojet (AL) indices. We found little perturbations in during the quiet event, but significant perturbations during HILDCAAs. In particular, non-storm HILDCAA showed more perturbations in compared to the other two HILDCAAs. Due to sporadic energy pumping into the magnetosphere, was perturbed even after the non-storm HILDCAA. From CWT analysis, we found highest power intensities to have periodicity of more than 190 minutes for quiet event, non-storm HILDCAA and CIR-preceded HILDCAA. However, the magnitude of the higher power intensity was different: 11 units for PCV and PCI in quiet, 9 and 14 units respectively for PCV and PCI in non-storm HILDCAA, 15 units for PCV and PCI in CIR-preceded HILDCAA, and 23 and 14 units for PCV and PCI during ICME-preceded HILDCAA. PCV and PCI clearly showed that higher power intensities are found in higher timescales. In contrast, lower and middle power intensities are found across all timescales.
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