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Two series of substituted manganese triarylcorroles were synthesized and characterized as to their electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties in CH 2 Cl 2, CH 3 CN and pyridine. The investigated compounds are represented as ( YPh )3 CorMn III and ( YPh )3 CorMn IV Cl , where Cor is a trianion of the corrole and Y is a Cl , F , H or CH 3 para-substituent on the three phenyl rings of the macrocycle. Each neutral Mn(III) corrole exists as a four-coordinate complex in CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 3 CN and as a five-coordinate species in pyridine. ( YPh )3 CorMn III undergoes two oxidations to stepwise generate a Mn(IV) corrole and a Mn(IV) π-cation radical. It also undergoes one reduction to generate a Mn(II) corrole in CH 2 Cl 2 or CH 3 CN . In contrast, the reduction of ( YPh )3 CorMn III leads to a Mn(III) corrole π-anion radical in pyridine. One oxidation is observed for ( YPh )3 CorMn IV Cl in CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 3 CN to generate a Mn(IV) corrole π-cation radical while Mn(III) and Mn(II) corroles are stepwise formed after reduction of the same compound. The second reduction of ( YPh )3 CorMn IV Cl in pyridine gives a Mn(III) π-anion radical as opposed to a Mn(II) corrole with an unreduced π-ring system. The neutral, reduced and oxidized forms of each corrole were characterized by electrochemistry and UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry and comparisons are made between the UV-visible spectra and redox potentials of the compounds in different central metal oxidation states. An overall reduction/oxidation mechanism in the three solvents is proposed.

Faculty plays a critical role in the growing trend of internationalization in higher education. Thus, it is important to understand the factors that drive faculty members to get involved in internationalization. Employing structural equation model with data gathered from questionnaire, this study attempts to explore how faculty engagement in internationalization is motivated based on a survey in China, and institution type is also considered in our model. Our findings suggest that in the overall sample, both individual and environmental motivations positively relate to faculty engagement in internationalization, and individual motivation is the more critical predictor. One striking result is that individual motivation plays a complete mediating factor between environmental motivation and faculty engagement in internationalization, suggesting the significance of transferring institutional incentives to faculty's individual competence and efficacy. Institution type significantly accounts for environmental motivations. As to key university, the result was consistent with above. In general institution, however, the effect of environmental motivation is insignificant, indicating that sufficient funding is indispensable for the internationalization ambition of institutions. The implications for research and policy conclude this paper.

Three copper triarylcorroles containing a [Formula: see text]-pyrrole nitro substituent were synthesized and characterized as to their spectral and electrochemical properties in nonaqueous media. The examined compounds are represented as [Formula: see text]-NO2(YPh)3CorCu, where Cor is the trianion of a triphenylcorrole and Y is a Cl, H or CH3 substituent at the para-position of the three meso-phenyl rings of the compound. The data from absorption spectra, electrochemistry and thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry are consistent with an initial assignment of Cu[Formula: see text]-Cor[Formula: see text] in CH2Cl2, DMF and pyridine and electrogeneration of a formal Cu(II) corrole with an unreduced macrocycle, represented as Cu[Formula: see text]-Cor[Formula: see text], after the first one-electron reduction in these solvents. The doubly reduced [Formula: see text]-nitrocorrole has a sharp Soret band at 439 nm and a well-defined Q-band at 611 nm in CH2Cl2. Similar absorption spectra are seen for the three examined doubly reduced nitrocorroles in DMF and pyridine, suggesting formation of a Cu(I) species with an unreduced macrocycle which is represented as Cu[Formula: see text]-Cor[Formula: see text]. Changes in redox potentials and absorption spectra of the nitrocorroles are examined as a function of solvent and substituents on the meso-phenyl rings of the compounds and comparisons are made between spectral and electrochemical data of the newly synthesized corroles and that of structurally related tetraarylcorroles lacking a [Formula: see text]-nitro group.