Traditionally, mechanical property estimation is carried out by destructive testing, which is costly and time consuming. Sometimes, the time schedule in the mill is so tight that coils are dispatched, while the samples are still under investigation; thus, knowledge of the strip quality immediately after rolling without mechanical testing can save a lot of time and money. As the rolling process is complex and final mechanical properties of steel depend on many parameters, it is almost impossible to develop an accurate first principle based mathematical model, so an artificial neural network based model to predict the mechanical properties of hot rolled steel strip has been developed. This paper describes the neural network based online system that helps in predicting mechanical properties of interstitial free (IF) steel strip and also elaborates how this models can help in capturing various metallurgical phenomena during rolling.
The paper describes the experience of polymer injection pilots from both subsurface, surveillance and facilities perspective. It also discusses the optimization approach for revising the full field polymer plans. Bhagyam is an onshore oil and gas field in Rajasthan, India. The main producing unit is Fatehgarh multi-storied fluvial sand stone of Paleocene age. The oil is moderately viscous (20 cP to 400 cP) with a vertical viscosity gradient. Reservoir quality is excellent with porosity in the range of 25-30% and permeability of 1 to 10 Darcy. Bhagyam was developed as an edge water injection drive with 153 development wells and put on production in 2012. Polymer flood was recognized early in field life as a viable secondary recovery process. Bhagyam has several characteristics suited for polymer flood like high initial oil saturation, high rock permeability, low reservoir temperature, low connate water and low water salinity. A full field polymer development plan was envisaged in 2013 with a combination of pattern polymer flooding and peripheral polymer injection in water leg. But the field performance under water flood was way below expectations. Along with the fall in crude prices in 2014, the project turned economically unviable. Two polymer injection pilots were done to de risk the polymer flood. A multi-disciplinary team worked to optimize the pilot and full field development plan and improve the modeling of water flood. The two pilots used skid mounted polymer preparation units installed at the well pad and focused on data gathering. An online viscometer and special sampler with chemical stabilizers were used for polymer viscosity measurements. PLT, IFOs and polymer quality parameters like filter ratio, viscosity etc were also regularly measured. A revamped reservoir model was built for the field which helped better characterize the water flood performance. The tests were successful with the wells injecting at or better than expected rates. The offset response was good with WOR drop and oil rate increase in many nearby producers. The conformance of some injectors was successfully managed with selective completions installed. To reduce costs, additional well drilling count was reduced by focusing on high net pay areas, reducing polymer consumption by cutting back on water leg polymer injection, and optimizing polymer viscosity. Pipeline requirements were reduced and polymer injection facilities modified from centralized to skid based. The optimization significantly reduced costs compared to the earlier plan. The economic viability of the project was established at lower oil prices and the modeling efforts along with pilots helped significantly reduce the uncertainty associated with the project.
Several challenges are associated with reservoir characterization of organic-rich, unconventional plays, most significantly with estimating producible hydrocarbons and identifying potential zones to land horizontal wells and subsequent stimulation. This paper illustrates integrated approach towards successful characterization of the Cretaceous carbonate major source rock-a lateral seal Shilaif formation in the recently developing area of syncline shape field in Onshore UAE. The Shilaif formation that was deposited under intra-shelf basinal conditions, contains sediments of argillaceous limestone, mostly fine-grained packstones and shaly lime mudstone-wackestones with subordinate calcareous shales in the lower part. Presence of bitumen and low permeability indicate the requirement to stimulate the wells effectively. Quantification of bitumen and light hydrocarbon through integration of advanced and conventional log data with core data and mud logs plays a critical role in the evaluation and development of these organic-rich reservoirs. Extensive data acquisition was planned with a wireline suite that included resistivity/density/neutron/spectral gamma ray; acoustic logs; resistivity image; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); advanced elemental spectroscopy; and dielectric technologies to characterize the hydrocarbon potential of organic-rich Shilaif unconventional play. NMR and Spectroscopy were used to refine lithology and porosity, which reduces the associated uncertinity in the evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC) and volumes. The advanced elemental spectroscopy data provided the mineralogy, the amount of carbon in the rock, and consequently the associated organic carbon within the Shilaif formation. The NMR technology provided lithology-independent total porosity and moveable versus non-moveable fluids quantification when integrated with density/neutron. NMR technology in this present case study was used to identify and differentiate the organic matter and hydrocarbon presence within the Shilaif formation. The water filled porosity and textural parameter from dielectric inversion results helped in more accurate water saturation estimation in the tight formation. Acoustic data results and high-resolution resistivity image logs were used to evaluate the geomechanical properties. In addition, Resistivity image data provided detailed knowledge of geological features, faults and natural fracture networks within the study zone to enable optimization of development scenario based on the reservoir properties. The data integration work illustrated in the paper is a key for unconventional reservoir characterization that enabled identification of the potential zone/zones of interests for horizontal wells and the successful development of the organic rich rocks of the Shilaif formation.
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