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Key Points Treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MDS patients receiving venetoclax and HMAs have an ORR of 59% with 63% of responders proceeding to transplant. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation after treatment with venetoclax in combination with HMA is associated with prolonged survival.

Unraveling the highly interconnected nature of complex biological systems is fundamental to a wide range of modern research questions. At the heart of any coordinated biological network is cell-cell communication, and researching the means by which different cell types communicate is an essential prerequisite to fully understanding many aspects of biology. One major mechanism of cell signaling is the regulated release of chemical messengers from preformed vesicles in the cytoplasm. The process of transporting these vesicles to the exterior of the cell and the subsequent release of vesicular contents via membrane fusion is known as exocytosis. In recent decades, carbon-fiber microelectrodes have become increasingly useful for the measurement and study of exocytosis in a variety of biological contexts. This article details the critical background concepts of carbon-fiber microelectrode amperometry (CFMA) and carbon-fiber microelectrode fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and reviews a variety of applications for monitoring exocytosis from single in vitro cells. Although the authors recognize the importance of several other complimentary methods including various electron microscopy and patch-clamp techniques, the scope of this article will focus only on CFMA and FSCV and their contributions to the field of single cell exocytosis measurements.

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