Translation in dendrites is believed to support synaptic changes during memory consolidation. Although translational control mechanisms are fundamental mediators of memory, little is known about their role in local translation. We previously found that polyribosomes accumulate in dendritic spines of the adult rat lateral amygdala (LA) during consolidation of aversive pavlovian conditioning and that this memory requires cap-dependent initiation, a primary point of translational control in eukaryotic cells. Here we used serial electron microscopy reconstructions to quantify polyribosomes in LA dendrites when consolidation was blocked by the cap-dependent initiation inhibitor 4EGI-1. We found that 4EGI-1 depleted polyribosomes in dendritic shafts and selectively prevented their upregulation in spine heads, but not bases and necks, during consolidation. Cap-independent upregulation was specific to spines with small, astrocyteassociated synapses. Our results reveal that cap-dependent initiation is involved in local translation during learning and that local translational control varies with synapse type.
Objective: To report refractive outcomes of scleral-fixated intraocular lenses (IOLs) with Gore-Tex suture and combined pars plana vitrectomy, and to compare predicted refractive outcomes between five IOL power calculation formulas. Design: Retrospective case series. Subjects: Patients undergoing scleral-fixated of intraocular lenses with Gore-Tex suture at our institution between January 2015 and June 2018. Methods: Comparison of preoperative biometrics with postoperative refraction, calculation of predicted refractive outcome with 5 different IOL formulas. Main Outcome Measures: Prediction error and absolute error to compare postoperative refraction with refraction predicted by lens power calculation formulas.Results: Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients were included. All power calculations assumed "in-thebag" position of the IOL. Akreos AO60 was implanted in 23 and CZ70BD in 8, and all lenses were sutured 3 millimeters behind the limbus. Average postoperative spherical equivalent was −0.79 ± 0.95 diopters (D). Average prediction error (postoperative spherical equivalent refraction minus target refraction) was −0.19 ± 0.72D. Postoperative spherical equivalent was within 1.0D of target in 25/31 (81%) of patients and within 2.0D of target in 31/31 (100%). The repeatedmeasures analysis of variance of absolute error by lens power formula was significant (p=0.012), with Haigis demonstrating greater error. There was no significant difference between Barrett II, SRKT, Holladay 2, or Hoffer Q.
Aqueous tear-deficient dry eye disease is a multifactorial chronic disorder, in which the lacrimal gland fails to produce enough tears to maintain a healthy ocular surface. Some severe cases may develop corneal damage and significant vision loss. Treatment primarily involves palliation using ocular surface lubricants, but can only provide temporary relief. Construction of a bioengineered lacrimal gland having functional secretory epithelial cells is a potentially promising option for providing long-term relief to severe dry eye patients. Using sphere-forming culture techniques, we cultured adult rabbit lacrimal gland progenitor cells and prepared a lacrimal gland scaffold by decellularization. When progenitor cells were seeded onto the decellularized scaffold, they formed duct- and acinar-like structures in the three-dimensional culture system. Lacrimal gland epithelial cells showed good cell viability, cell differentiation, and secretory function in decellularized lacrimal gland matrix, as indicated by morphology, immunostaining, and β-hexosaminidase secretion assay. This study demonstrated the potential suitability of utilizing tissue-specific progenitor cells and a tissue-derived bioscaffold for lacrimal gland restoration.
Traumatic epidural hematomas are critical emergencies in neurosurgery, and patients symptomatic from acute epidural hematomas are typically treated with rapid surgical decompression. However, some patients, if asymptomatic, may be treated with close clinical observation and serial imaging. Although rare, rapid spontaneous resolution of epidural hematomas in the pediatric population has even been reported, with only seven cases in the literature. Numerous theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology behind these cases, including egress of epidural collections through cranial discontinuities (fractures/open sutures), blood that originates in the subgaleal space, and bleeding from the cranial diploic cavity after a skull fracture that preferentially expands into the subgaleal space. We report the case of a rapidly resolving epidural hematoma in a 13-year-old boy. This case allows for more detailed inferences to be made concerning the nature of the epidural hematoma's resolution, as it is the first reported case in which an intracranial pressure monitor has been utilized. We also review the literature and discuss the nature of rapid spontaneous epidural hematoma resolution.
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