Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a diversidade da mandioca na região do médio Solimões, enfocando principalmente comunidades localizadas nas Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá e Amanã, no Amazonas. O estudo associa dados quantitativos e etnográficos. A análise de dados de monitoramento de 13 comunidades de várzea e de terra firme revelou o seguinte padrão de diversidade de manivas (mandioca): riqueza total de 54 variedades, com distribuição ampla de poucas variedades e ocorrência localizada da maioria; riqueza média de dez variedades por comunidade; e coleções familiares com três variedades em média. Uma análise temporal das coleções familiares mostrou a natureza dinâmica da diversidade regional. Ao longo de cinco anos, praticamente todas as 55 famílias acompanhadas alteraram a composição de variedades, mas mudaram pouco o tamanho de suas coleções. Para discutir essa dinâmica da diversidade, realizamos pesquisa qualitativa em três comunidades. Buscamos entender as condições sociais e ambientais que os agricultores enfrentam, as preferências por certas manivas e os padrões de manejo das roças. Mostramos que a diversidade de manivas é resultado de uma prática de experimentação ativa e que a dinâmica das coleções é definida por um conjunto de fatores que inclui o contexto das práticas econômicas, as condições ambientais e a relação histórica da população regional com a mandioca.Palavras-chave: Agricultura familiar. Agrobiodiversidade. Mandioca. Maniva. Rio Solimões. Abstract:The paper presents a study on the manioc diversity in the Middle Solimões region, focusing largely on communities located in the Sustainable Development Reserves of Mamirauá and Amanã, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The study combines quantitative and ethnographic data. The analysis of survey data collected in 13 communities in the 'várzea' and in the 'terra firme' revealed the following pattern of manioc diversity: a total richness of 54 varieties, demonstrating a broad distribution of a small number of varieties and a local occurrence of the majority; an average richness of ten varieties per community; and an average of three varieties maintained per household. A temporal analysis of survey data collected at the household level illustrates the dynamic nature of this regional diversity. Over the course of five years, almost all the 55 accompanied families altered the composition of manioc varieties in their collections; however, the size of these collections showed little variation. To discuss the dynamics of diversity, we conducted qualitative research in three communities. This analysis sought to understand the social and environmental conditions with which farmers contend, patterns of manioc management, and the logic behind farmers' preferences for certain manioc varieties. The research demonstrates that maniva diversity is a result of active experimentation, and that collections of manivas maintained by farmers are dynamic and ever-changing. This dynamism is defined by a series of factors that include economic prac...
ResumoAs regiões de florestas tropicais estão em constantes transformações, em parte, resultantes do manejo por populações tradicionais aonde os sistemas de cultivo itinerante (agricultura migratória e de corte queima) desempenham um importante papel. No entanto, juntamente a estas discussões, são questionados os impactos e a sustentabilidade destes sistemas de cultivo e suas contribuições para o desmatamento. Diante disso, procuramos maiores informações sobre a prática da agricultura migratória por meio do estudo do uso e conversão de hábitat florestal em unidades produtivas agrícolas de duas comunidades tradicionais situadas em áreas de terra firme. Concluímos que indicativos da sustentabilidade desse sistema estão associados à prática integrada à floresta e ao período destinado ao pousio das áreas. AbstractTropical forest regions are in constant transformation, partly resulting from management by traditional populations where shifting cultivation systems (swiddenfallow and slash and burn agriculture) play an important role. However, along with these discussions, the impacts and sustainability of these farming systems and its contribution to deforestation are often called into question. Therefore, this research sought to generate information on the practice of shifting cultivation by studying the conversion of forest habitat to agricultural areas located in two traditional communities in upland areas of Central Amazonia. We conclude that the sustainability of this system is based on its character of being integrated into surrounding forests and the length of the fallow period maintained by farmers who engage in this practice.
Livestock activities in the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve (RDSA) involve the production of cattle and buffalo in an extensive system, and are aimed at raising income and savings. As an expanding activity with high environmental impact potential, livestock is a focus of current discussion in this protected area. This study aimed to characterize livestock ranching activities and ranchers in the RDSA, highlighting key factors of production and management dynamics, as well as key impact indicators. For this purpose, we conducted semi-structured questionnaires with all 58 ranchers and geo-referenced their grazing areas. Areas of natural fields used as pasture were calculated through the use of satellite images. The main impact indicators identified for local livestock activity include: cultivated field growth, the increased use of várzea grasslands, and buffalo herd growth. To control the expansion of this activity, we suggest the development of regulations to guide herd management and the use of productive environments involved in ranching activities.
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