Albumin transcytosis, a determinant of transendothelial permeability, is mediated by the release of caveolae from the plasma membrane. We addressed the role of Src phosphorylation of the GTPase dynamin-2 in the mechanism of caveolae release and albumin transport. Studies were made in microvascular endothelial cells in which the uptake of cholera toxin subunit B, a marker of caveolae, and 125 I-albumin was used to assess caveolaemediated endocytosis. Albumin binding to the 60-kDa cell surface albumin-binding protein, gp60, induced Src activation (phosphorylation on Tyr 416 ) within 1 min and resulted in Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of dynamin-2, which increased its association with caveolin-1, the caveolae scaffold protein. Expression of kinasedefective Src mutant interfered with the association between dynamin-2, which caveolin-1 and prevented the uptake of albumin. Expression of non-Src-phosphorylatable dynamin (Y231F/Y597F) resulted in reduced association with caveolin-1, and in contrast to WT-dynamin-2, the mutant failed to translocate to the caveolin-rich membrane fraction. The Y231F/Y597F dynamin-2 mutant expression also resulted in impaired albumin and cholera toxin subunit B uptake and reduced transendothelial albumin transport. Thus, Src-mediated phosphorylation of dynamin-2 is an essential requirement for scission of caveolae and the resultant transendothelial transport of albumin.
Intersectin, a multiple Eps15 homology and Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing protein, is a component of the endocytic machinery in neurons and nonneuronal cells. However, its role in endocytosis via caveolae in endothelial cells (ECs) is unclear. We demonstrate herein by coimmunoprecipitation, velocity sedimentation on glycerol gradients, and cross-linking that intersectin is present in ECs in a membrane-associated protein complex containing dynamin and SNAP-23. Electron microscopy (EM) immunogold labeling studies indicated that intersectin associated preferentially with the caveolar necks, and it remained associated with caveolae after their fission from the plasmalemma. A cell-free system depleted of intersectin failed to support caveolae fission from the plasma membrane. A biotin assay used to quantify caveolae internalization and extensive EM morphological analysis of ECs overexpressing wt-intersectin indicated a wide range of morphological changes (i.e., large caveolae clusters marginated at cell periphery and pleiomorphic caveolar necks) as well as impaired caveolae internalization. Biochemical evaluation of caveolae-mediated uptake by ELISA showed a 68.4% inhibition by reference to control. We also showed that intersectin interaction with dynamin was important in regulating the fission and internalization of caveolae. Taken together, the results indicate the crucial role of intersectin in the mechanism of caveolae fission in endothelial cells.
We identified the GDI-1-regulated mechanism of RhoA activation from the Rho-GDI-1 complex and its role in mediating increased endothelial permeability. Thrombin stimulation failed to induce RhoA activation and actin stress fiber formation in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells transduced with full-length GDI-1. Expression of a GDI-1 mutant form (C-GDI) containing the C terminus (aa 69 to 204) also prevented RhoA activation, whereas further deletions failed to alter RhoA activation. We observed that protein kinase C␣-mediated phosphorylation of the C terminus of GDI-1 at Ser96 reduced the affinity of GDI-1 for RhoA and thereby enabled RhoA activation. Rendering GDI-1 phosphodefective with a Ser96 3 Ala substitution rescued the inhibitory activity of GDI-1 toward RhoA but did not alter the thrombin-induced activation of other Rho GTPases, i.e., Rac1 and Cdc42. Phosphodefective mutant GDI-1 also suppressed myosin light chain phosphorylation, actin stress fiber formation, and the increased endothelial permeability induced by thrombin. In contrast, expressing the phospho-mimicking mutant S96D-GDI-1 protein induced RhoA activity and increased endothelial permeability independently of thrombin stimulation. These results demonstrate the crucial role of the phosphorylation of the C terminus of GDI-1 at S96 in selectively activating RhoA. Inhibiting GDI-1 phosphorylation at S96 is a potential therapeutic target for modulating RhoA activity and thus preventing the increase in endothelial permeability associated with vascular inflammation.
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