Composting is a natural process that stems through microbial succession, marking the degradation and stabilization of organic matter present in waste. The use of microbial additives during composting is considered highly efficient, likely to enhance the production of different enzymes resulting in better rate of waste degradation. In lesser developed countries, composting has emerged as a vital technology to recycle the biodegradable waste while generating a useful product. Depending on the composition of the waste material, it can either directly undergo composting or homogenized prior to secondary waste treatment methods such as landfilling. However, a relatively expensive downstream handling all along is a main hurdle towards economics of the process. Although basic methodology and recent approaches are known in crucial aspects of the process through various reviews, exploring the behavior of effective microbial additives will be resourceful. In this review, to fill in the gap, studies related to microbial composting of municipal solid and food waste were acknowledged. Here in, factors that could slow down the composting process and affect the compost quality were addressed. Lastly, the review pictured a positive simulation and stated how excellent results, can be achieved by microbial additives during composting.
Experiments were conducted in lysimeters (1985) and field plots (1986) to evaluate changes in soil moisture and salinity status following irrigations with different blends of a saline water, SW (ECiw= 6.4 dS/m) and non-saline water, NSW (0.3 dS/m) and their effects on the growth and yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Normalised to the yield of the treatment receiving NSW (100%), relative seed yields (RY) declined to 73, 11 and 3%, respectively, for the treatments receiving SW:NSW blends of 1:2 (2.5 dS/m), 2:1 (4.7 dS/m) and SW as such. RY increased to 64 and 74% when NSW was substituted for presowing irrigation and 2 : 1 SW : NSW blend and SW, respectively were used for postsowing irrigations. Due to moderating effect of rainfall (9.8 cm) during the growing season of 1986, valus of RY obtained with 1 : 2 and 2 : 1 SW : NSW blends were 81 and 42% and increased to 96 and 82% when these waters were applied after presowing irrigation with NSW. Irrigation at presowing with non-saline water leached the salts of shallow depths leading to better germination and initial growth. In addition, plants were able to extract greater amounts of water even from deeper soil layers. The RY of Mungbean was related to the weighted time averaged salinity of the 0-120 cm soil depth (EC e) by RY= 100-20.7 (ECe-1.8). The study indicated that applying NSW for presowing irrigation to Mungbean is more beneficial than using it after blending with saline water.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.