The study evaluated the chemical composition of spring barley grain sown in 3 tillage systems (main plots): a) conventional tillage (CT)-shallow ploughing and harrowing after harvest of the previous crop, ploughing in the autumn; b) reduced tillage (RT)-only cultivator after harvest of the previous crop, and c) herbicide tillage (HT)-only glyphosate (360 g L-1) after harvest of the previous crop. In the springtime, a cultivation set composed of a cultivator, a string roller and a harrow was used on all the plots. The second experimental factor was barley cultivar (subplots): 1) husked Tocada, and 2) naked-grain Rastik. The depth of tillage varied according to the intended purpose: shallow ploughing to 10-12 cm, autumn ploughing to 25-30 cm, and cultivator tillage to 10-15 cm. The soil under the experiment was Chalk Rendzina with the texture of sandy loam, rich in available phosphorus and potassium and slightly alkaline. The study demonstrated that the content of total protein and crude fiber in the grain depended only on a barley cultivar. In turn, the content of macro-and microelements was affected by both factors: the cultivar and tillage system. Herbicide tillage (HT) was shown to reduce the content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) in barley grain, compared to conventional tillage (CT). Simultaneously, it raised the phytate-P content of grain compared to reduced tillage (RT). The content of phytate-P was significantly higher in cv. Tocada than in cv. Rustik.

The hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic insulin clamp technique was used to study the effect of insulin on the arterio-venous concentration differences of glucose and amino acids across the mammary gland in dairy goats. Insulin was given in conjunction with K to prevent insulin hypokalaemia. Appropriate amino acid infusion was used to blunt insulin-induced hypoaminoacidaemia or to create hyperaminoacidaemia and maintain this state under insulin treatment. Hyperaminoacidaemia alone only stimulated mammary leucine uptake but did not significantly modify the net metabolism of other amino acids and glucose. Insulin infusion at physiological level in conjunction with glucose, KCl-NaCl and amino acids failed to alter mammary uptake of glucose and essential amino acids; occasional increase in arginine extraction and decrease in tyrosine extraction were exceptions. Thus these new experimental conditions did not reveal any galactopoietic effect of insulin.

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A study has been undertaken to determine the effect of different cultivation conditions for spring wheat cv. Koksa on the total ash, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in wheat grain. The study was conducted at Uhursk Experimental Farm (51 o 18'12½N, 23 o 36'50½E) of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, in 2008-2010. The experimental factors were: 1) systems of soil tillage: ploughing and ploughless, 2) doses of nitrogen: 90 and 150 kg ha-1 , and 3) preceding crop: pea and soy. The objective was to evaluate the impact of different soil tillage systems, doses of nitrogen fertilizers and preceding crops on the content of mineral components in the grain of spring wheat cv. Koksa. The study demonstrated that ploughless tillage increased the content of total ash, Zn and Cu, while ploughing tillage raised the content of K, Mg and Mn in the grain. A standard dose of nitrogen (90 kg ha-1) facilitated the accumulation of K, Fe, Zn and Cu, whereas a higher nitrogen dose (150 kg N ha-1) elevated the content of total ash and Mn in grain of spring wheat. The grain of wheat cultivated after pea was characterized by a higher content of Ca, Fe and Zn, whereas that cultivated after soy contained more total ash, K and Mn.

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