Zusammenfassung. Achtsamkeit hat für die Gesundheitspsychologie eine immer stärkere Bedeutung, da achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen in der Prävention und Rehabilitation das körperliche Wohlbefinden und die Lebensqualität steigern können. Wie valide lässt sich selbstberichtete Achtsamkeit mit der deutschen Übersetzung des „Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire“ (FFMQ) erfassen? Der 39 Items umfassende FFMQ wurde ins Deutsche übersetzt. An einer Stichprobe von 550 studentischen Versuchspersonen wurde die dimensionale Struktur, Reliabilität und Validität der fünf Skalen bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit den Validierungsstudien zur englischsprachigen Originalfassung des FFMQ. Die fünf-faktorielle Struktur konnte weitestgehend repliziert werden. Hypothesenkonform fanden sich korrelative Zusammenhänge zur psychopathologischen Symptombelastung und zu Indikatoren der psychischen Gesundheit. Mit der deutschen Version des FFMQ liegt ein valides Instrument vor, das die Erfassung der von Baer beschriebenen fünf Facetten selbstberichteter Achtsamkeit ermöglicht.
Background: Perception of dyspnea is poorly related to bronchoconstriction and may be influenced by distinct psychophysiologic stimuli. Objective: This study compared the perceived psychophysiologic changes during histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction using verbal as well as nonverbal assessment techniques. Methods: Perception of dyspnea was studied during induced bronchoconstriction in 40 atopic subjects randomly ascribed to either histamine (n = 20) or methacholine (n = 20) bronchial challenge. A 100% increase in specific airway resistance (sRaw) indicated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Dyspnea was verbally assessed by the Borg Scale (BS) and the Asthma Symptom Checklist (ASL). A hand dynamometer (HD) served for nonverbal assessment. Both challenge groups did not differ significantly with respect to age, anthropometric data, smoking and lung function before challenge. Results: AHR did not differ between groups but groups differed significantly with respect to the number of symptoms and to symptom intensity reported after challenge. Subjects who underwent the histamine challenge scored significantly higher on both measures derived from the ASL. BS ratings and HD scores correlated significantly but were not significantly related to the degree of AHR. Accurate and poor perceivers could be discriminated by analysis of the relationship between BS and sRaw. Conclusions: These findings suggest that perception of induced dyspnea differs between histamine and methacholine when assessed by a symptom report.
In a study of postoperative psychosis after open heart surgery three psychopathological syndromes were identified which had different psychological predictors. Predictors of postoperative emotional disturbances are family problems and the lack of plans for the future, whereas patients with postoperative disorientations seem to have difficulties in their jobs and therefore feel distressed preoperatively. Predictors of the paranoid syndrome after the operation are: a high degree of fear in awaiting the operation and little confidence in the doctors. The social surroundings of these patients are often unstable and although they have no precise plans for the future they object to start working again after operation.
A better discrimination of phenomenology and severeness of psychopathological disorders after open-heart surgery has been obtained: a) There is no equal distribution of degrees of severeness, a high correlation of severeness with duration of the disorders, a low correlation with age and no dependance of sex. b) Disorientation, clouding of consciousness and disorders of awareness arise earlier, delusions, hallucinations and paranoid ideas tentatively later after surgery. c) Three psychopathological syndromes have been identified. They appear in different frequency, intensity and can be combined.
88 patients with ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ methods of suicide attempts are compared and described. The results show several differences between both groups of patients: (1) In the choice of a ‘soft’ method painlessness played a superior role. Patients who had chosen a ‘hard’ method were far less sensitive to pain, or the experience of pain had extensively faded. (2) Men with ‘hard’methods seemed to be more needy than men with ‘soft’ methods. (3) Men and women of the ‘hard’ group (preponderantly wrist cutters) showed a stronger and earlier beginning of conflict denial than patients of the ‘soft’ group. Therefore, immediate crisis intervention seems to be especially indicated. (4) Attention should be drawn to the countertransference reactions of helpers in contact with patients who had employed different methods of suicide attempts.
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