Cysteine-rich receptor-like-kinases (CRKs), a transmembrane subfamily of receptor-like kinase, play crucial roles in plant adaptation. As such cotton is the major source of fiber for the textile industry, but environmental stresses are limiting its growth and production. Here, we have performed a deep computational analysis of CRKs in five Gossypium species, including G. arboreum (60 genes), G. raimondii (74 genes), G. herbaceum (65 genes), G. hirsutum (118 genes), and G. barbadense (120 genes). All identified CRKs were classified into 11 major classes and 43 subclasses with the finding of several novel CRK-associated domains including ALMT, FUSC_2, Cript, FYVE, and Pkinase. Of these, DUF26_DUF26_Pkinase_Tyr was common and had elevated expression under different biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the 35 land plants comparison identified several new CRKs domain-architectures. Likewise, several SNPs and InDels were observed in CLCuD resistant G. hirsutum. The miRNA target side prediction and their expression profiling in different tissues predicted miR172 as a major CRK regulating miR. The expression profiling of CRKs identified multiple clusters with co-expression under certain stress conditions. The expression analysis under CLCuD highlighted the role of GhCRK057, GhCRK059, GhCRK058, and GhCRK081 in resistant accession. Overall, these results provided primary data for future potential functional analysis as well as a reference study for other agronomically important crops.
Late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans continues to cause major worldwide losses in potato and tomato. Most accessions of Solanum americanum, a globally distributed, wild Solanaceae plant, are highly resistant to late blight. We generated high-quality reference genomes of four S. americanum accessions, re-sequenced 52 accessions, and we defined variation in the NLR immune receptor genes (the S. americanum NLRome). We further screened for variation in recognition of ~315 P. infestans RXLR effectors in 52 S. americanum accessions. Using these genotypic and phenotypic data, we cloned three novel NLR-encoding genes Rpi-amr4, Rpi-amr16 and Rpi-amr17, and determined their corresponding RXLR effector genes Avramr4 (PITG_22825), Avramr16 (PITG_02860) and Avramr17 (PITG_04373) from P. infestans. These genomic resources and methodology will support efforts to convert potato into a nonhost of late blight and can be applied to diseases of other crops.
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