Aim: Methodology:Results: Interpretation:Pigmented (desi) and non pigmented (kabuli) cultivars of chickpea are known to differ in seed vigour. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to understand the mechanisms for such vigour differences and to identify the important seed coat and seed related vigour traits that makes the coloured desi seeds more vigorous then unpigmented kabuli seeds.Twenty two chickpea genotypes differing in seed coat colour were included in the experiment. Field emergence and electrical conductivity of seed leachate was used as vigour indicator. Hundred-seed weight, proportion of seed coat, laboratory germination, electrical conductivity, water imbibition pattern, tannin, lignin and total phenol content, presence or absence of air space between seed coat and cotyledon and status of hilum-micropylar region were studied to understand the mechanism for vigour differences between pigmented desi and unpigmented kabuli genotypes.Despite a high laboratory germination (>89%) of all cultivars, unpigmented kabuli genotypes recorded low (39-69%) FE then pigmented desi genotypes (64-87%). Rapid rate of water imbibition (111.86-145.09%), lower proportion of seed coat (4.76-6.78%), greater electrical conductivity of seed leachate (49-172 -1 µS cm g ), low content of lignin (0.74-2.41), tannin (0.18-1.09 µg mg ) and total phenol (1.66-5.58 µg mg ) was associated with low field emergence in unpigmented kabuli types. Besides, air space between seed coat and cotyledon, open hilum-micropylar region, less polyphenolic content and low proportion of seed coat potentially describe the rapid water uptake by unpigmented kabuli genotypes making them vulnerable to imbibitional damage.Rather than laboratory germination, electrical conductivity may be used as an indicator for determining field emergence in chickpea. Screening/ developing unpigmented kabuli genotypes with seeds having lower rate of water imbibition could be a promising way to enable seed vigour improvement in chickpea.
An experiment was conducted to study the potential of chromium (Cr) phytoaccumulatory capabilities of four tree species viz., Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Tecomella undulata, and Salvadora persica Possibility of enhancement of Cr uptake by citric acid and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) amendments were also tried. Cr is a major pollutant of the environment. Chromium can exist in oxidation states from III to VI, but the most stable and common forms of Cr are trivalent and hexavalent species. Cr(VI) was more toxic to the tree growth in terms of collar diameter (CD) increment in all the tree species than Cr(lll). Roots accumulated more Cr than shoots in all the tree species. There was more than 10 fold increase in root Cr content in comparison with shoot Cr content in all the trees at all the concentration of Cr and all sources of Cr. Citric acid significantly increased the Cr content in the tissues of roots in all the species under both speciation of Cr. The highest increase in Cr content brought by 20 mM citric acid addition was in A. latifolia Results suggest that Anogeissus latifolia is a potential Cr accumulator with citric acid as soil amendment.
Poor conformance is a major concern of Mangala, Bhagyam & Aishwarya (MBA) fields. The presence of high permeability streaks or thief layers between injection and production wells typically results in pre-mature water breakthrough, high water cut and deficient volumetric sweep. As a result, significant oil volumes in the reservoir may not be contacted by the injection fluid. Another concern is of low VRR (Voidage Replacement Ratio) in some of the layers due to reduced injectivity in those sands. Consequently, it has led to poor recovery from those sands. It is also a growing problem with the polymer deposition taking place in the wellbore particularly Mangala (undergoing full-field polymer flooding), leading to challenging wellbore cleanup operations. Several methods have been used in the past, both mechanical and chemical to improve the treatment fluids during stimulation. In this paper, we introduce a novel placement technique for Conformance Improvement which is practical, effective and durable as well as another tool variant that helps cleanup challenging wellbore environments. Typically, prior to the tool allowing for pin-point placement, the adjustable nozzle tool is run to ensure that the perforation and wellbore is cleaned up thoroughly with help of advanced fluid dynamics. The dynamic injection modulation (hereinafter referred to as, "DIM") tool for pin-point stimulation placement improves the distribution of injected fluid in the reservoir matrix by the process of dispersion. The tool generates an energized fluid pulse that allows fluid to be diverted away from established fluid paths. The pressure pulse, as it travels dilates the pore spaces thus propagating the wave further into the reservoir. The pin-point accuracy of placements leads to treating of reservoir layers which are left untreated during conventional stimulation treatments where viscous fingering effects dominate. As a result, injection fluid would divert into uncontacted layers to improve sweep efficiency. The other advantage of the tool is the relatively easy integration of tool with existing infrastructure. The tool is easily run with coiled tubing ("CT") with only addition of an accumulator unit on surface. This paper will document the tool physics, job design and Implementation technique for stimulation using Fluid Modulation tool as well enhanced well cleanup. Particular attention is paid to multiple injector and producer well stimulation case studies from these fields, the challenges faced, the solution proposed, and finally the results obtained. The results observed across the field with respect to injection performance is consistently greater than 75% over conventional methods used earlier. Also specifically, in scenarios of difficult fill cleanups, the advanced wellbore cleanup tool variant helped in multiple polymer and sand fill environment cleanouts over various wells over conventional methods of cleanup.
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