On 20 February 2010, an extreme rainfall episode occurred on Madeira Island, which caused an exceptionally strong flash flood and several soil slip-debris flows, producing 45 confirmed deaths and 6 persons declared missing, as well as extensive material damages. In order to understand and quantify the importance of landsliding in routing sediment through mountainous drainage, such as Madeira Island's landscape, it was essential to perform extensive landslide analysis. This study describes the methodology used to semi-automatically detect the landslides, produce the landslide inventory maps and estimate the sediment volume produced during this particular event which ranged from 217 000 m3 to 344 000 m3 and 605 000 m3 to 984 000 m3 for the Funchal and Ribeira Brava basins, respectively. These results contributed to the design and implementation of measures to prevent damages caused by landslides in Madeira Island
The extreme rainfall event of February 20 th , 2010 triggered a series of landslides and alluvium episodes with extensive life and material damages. The use of automatic detection of the landslides over satellite imagery allowed the identification and characterization of the affected areas, the mapping of the landslide features and the calculation of the displaced sediment volume. The study shows that the occurred landslides were shallow, being the basins of Ribeira Brava the most affected areas, with almost two thirds of the total identified landslide polygons.
Resumo: Os insetos são responsáveis por importantes atividades para o homem e os ecossistemas. No entanto, eles geralmente são associados principalmente aos danos ou prejuízos causados ao homem. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a percepção entomológica de alunos do ensino médio da cidade de Patos, Paraíba. Para isso foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados contendo questões sobre os insetos, durante o mês de agosto de 2012. Foram entrevistados 316 alunos, sendo 190 de escolas particulares e 126 de públicas. Do total de entrevistados 62,4% foram do sexo feminino e 37,5% masculino. 56,3% responderam acertadamente que os insetos pertencem ao filo Arthropoda, 37% que possuem 3 pares de pernas e 78,2% que podem ser reconhecidos pelo número de pernas, pela presença de antenas e de olhos. Para 82,6% dos entrevistados os insetos possuem importância positiva e negativa. Alimento para outros seres vivos e transmissão de doenças as mais assinaladas com 20,3% e 25,8% respectivamente. Dos animais percebidos como insetos os mais citados foram besouro, mosquito e barata, sendo aranha o animal mais confundido e assinalado como inseto. Observou-se que o tipo de didática adotada em sala de aula pelos professores não tem tido muito sucesso na fixação desse conteúdo pelos alunos. Palavras-chave: Insetos, etnoentomologia, artrópodes, aprendizado.Abstract: Insects are responsible for important activities for humans and ecosystems. However, they are usually associated mainly to the damages or losses caused to humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the entomological perception of High school students from the city of Patos, Paraiba. For this semi-structured questionnaires containing questions about insects were applied, during the month of August 2012. 316 students were interviewed, being 190 from private schools and 126 from public schools. From the total respondents 62.4% were female and 37.5% male. 56.3% correctly answered that insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda, 37% having three pairs of legs and 78.2% that can be recognized by the number of legs, by the presence of antennae and eyes. For 82.6% of respondents insects have positive and negative significance. Food for other living beings and transmission of diseases the most marked with 20.3% and 25.8% respectively. From the animals perceived as insects the most mentioned were beetle, mosquitoes and cockroaches, being the spider the animal which was most mistaken and reported as insect. It was noted that the type of didactic adopted in the classroom by teachers has not had much success in fixing of this subject by the students.
The changes made in the natural dynamics cause risks that influence the equilibrium, terrestrial and atmospheric. The aim of the study was to characterize the land cover and land use of the Espinharas river sub-basin, with emphasis on the Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) and Areas of Restricted Use (ARU). The Sub-basin of rio Espinharas is part of the Northern Country Depression, it has one of the most typical landscapes of the northeastern semi-arid region. For the analyzes, multispectral images of the Landsat 8 OLI satellites were used, from the orbits and points 215/65, 216/64, bands 3, 4 and 5. The delineation of the sub-basin began with obtaining the hydrological attributes in the Software QGIS. For the identification of the areas of land use conflicts in APP and ARU, the map algebra was used to perform an overlay of the land cover and use map with the Map of the APP and ARU, using SIG Idrisi Software. The classes of land use and land cover in the SBH of the Espinharas River has the predominance of the Open Arboreal Shrub Caatinga (OASC) typologies with 2,239.37 km² (68.13%), Closed Arboreal Shrub Caatinga (CASC) with 203.17 km² (6.18%) of the total SBH area. It was also verified that 752.67 km² (22.90%) of the total area corresponds to anthropism. The satellite images allowed to have a clear, comprehensive and current view of the use and land cover of SBH of the river Espinharas. Discrimination, mapping and quantification of land use and land cover areas through the Geographical Information System (IDRISI, QGIS GRASS) classification allowed us to obtain results with greater agility regarding the integration and manipulation of the areas. The data obtained will help recovery plans and planning of the area, since a part of SBH is not complying with the current environmental legislation.
Capítulo 2: Infiltração de água no solo em três diferentes sistemas de manejo .. 12
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