Importance The success in ending the COVID-19 pandemic rests partly on the mass uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Little work has been done to understand vaccine willingness among older adolescents and young adults. This is important since this age group may be less likely to adhere to public health guidelines. Objective To understand willingness of getting a vaccine and reasons for vaccine hesitancy among a sample of older adolescents and young adults. Design Data were from the Well-Being and Experiences study (The WE Study), a longitudinal community-based sample of older adolescents and young adults collected from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from 2017 to 2020 (n = 664). Setting The study setting was a community-based observational longitudinal study. Participants Participants for the study were aged 14 to 17 years old at baseline in 2016-17 (n = 1000). Data were also collected on one parent/caregiver. Waves 2 (n = 747) and 3 (n = 664) were collected in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Exposures The main exposures were sociodemographic factors, health conditions, COVID-19 knowledge, and adversity history. Main Outcomes The main outcomes were COVID-19 vaccine willingness, hesitancy, and reasons for hesitancy. Results Willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine was 65.4%. Willingness did not differ by age, sex, or mental health conditions, but did differ for other sociodemographic characteristics, physical health conditions, COVID-19 knowledge, practicing social/physical distancing, and adversity history. The most common reasons for not wanting a vaccine were related to safety, knowledge, and effectiveness. Sex differences were noted. Conclusions and Relevance Increasing uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among older adolescents and young adults may rely on targeting individuals from households with lower income, financial burden, and adversity history, and generating public health messaging specifically aimed at vaccine safety, how it works to protect against infection, and why it is important to protect oneself against a COVID-19 infection.

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Background: Despite increased understanding of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), very little advancement has been made in how ACEs are defined and conceptualized. The current objectives were to determine: 1) how well a theoretically-derived ACEs model fit the data, and 2) the association of all ACEs and the ACEs factors with poor self-rated mental and physical health. Methods: Data were obtained from the Well-Being and Experiences Study, survey data of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years (n = 1002) and their parents (n = 1000) in Manitoba, Canada collected from 2017 to 2018. Statistical methods included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and logistic regression models. Results: The study findings indicated a two-factor solution for both the adolescent and parent sample as follows: a) child maltreatment and peer victimization and b) household challenges factors, provided the best fit to the data. All original and expanded ACEs loaded on one of these two factors and all individual ACEs were associated with either poor self-rated mental health, physical health or both in unadjusted models and with the majority of findings remaining statistically significant in adjusted models (Adjusted Odds Ratios ranged from 1.16-3.25 among parents and 1.12-8.02 among adolescents). Additionally, both factors were associated with poor mental and physical health. Conclusions: Findings confirm a two-factor structure (i.e., 1) child maltreatment and peer victimization and 2) household challenges) and indicate that the ACEs list should include original ACEs (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), household substance use, household mental health problems, parental separation or divorce, parental problems with police) and expanded ACEs (i.e., spanking, peer victimization, household gambling problems, foster care placement or child protective organization (CPO) contact, poverty, and neighborhood safety).

Most physical violence against children is punitive in intent. the united nations has called for the elimination of physical punishment of children and for the development of programs teaching nonviolent resolution of parent-child conflict. a focused effort is required to shift entrenched, intergenerationally transmitted, and culturally normalized belief systems about physical punishment. positive discipline in everyday parenting (pdep) was developed to meet this need. its short-term objectives are to: 1) reduce approval of physical punishment; 2) normalize parent-child conflict; and 3) strengthen parenting self-efficacy. pdep was delivered by trained program facilitators to 321 parents living in 14 cities in canada. responses to pre and posttest questionnaires suggest that parents who completed postprogram measures were less likely to both approve of physical punishment and view typical parent-child conflict as misbehaviour on the part of the child, and also to have greater parenting self-efficacy. More than 90% believed more strongly that parents should not use physical punishment, and that pdep would help them control their anger and build stronger relationships with their children. pdep is a promising approach to the prevention of punitive violence against children.Keywords: physical punishment, parent education, positive discipline, prevention, child abuse, parental attitudes, violence résumé derrière la violence faite aux enfants, la plupart du temps, il y a l'intention de les punir. les nations unies ont appelé à l'élimination des châtiments corporels infligés aux enfants et à la mise sur pied de programmes d'éducation sur la résolution non violente des conflits parents-enfants. des efforts ciblés sont donc nécessaires pour transformer des systèmes de croyances liées aux châtiments corporels ; ces croyances, bien établies et transmises de génération en génération, sont devenues des normes culturelles. l'outil « la discipline positive au quotidien à la maison » (dpQM) a été créé dans ce but, ses objectifs à court terme étant : 1. d'éliminer graduellement le caractère acceptable et adéquat associé aux châtiments corporels ; 2. de proposer aux parents des normes différentes à propos des conflits parents-enfants ; 3. de renforcer l'auto-efficacité des parents. des animateurs ayant reçu une formation pertinente ont fourni l'outil dpQM à 321 parents de 14 villes canadiennes, et les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire avant et après avoir utilisé l'outil. les réponses suggèrent que ces parents étaient par la suite moins susceptibles d'approuver les châtiments corporels et de considérer que les conflits vécus avec leurs enfants étaient dus à de mauvais comportements de ceux-ci, et plus susceptibles d'avoir une meilleure auto-efficacité. ainsi, plus de 90 % d'entre eux croyaient que les parents ne devraient pas avoir recours à des châtiments corporels et que l'outil dpQM pouvait les aider à mieux contrôler leur colère et à établir de meilleures relations avec leurs enfants. cet outil est donc une a...