The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay -these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions.Experiments carried out over the past half century have revealed that neutrinos are found in three states, or flavors, and can transform from one flavor into another. These results indicate that each neutrino flavor state is a mixture of three different nonzero mass states, and to date offer the most compelling evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model. In a single experiment, LBNE will enable a broad exploration of the three-flavor model of neutrino physics with unprecedented detail. Chief among its potential discoveries is that of matter-antimatter asymmetries (through the mechanism of charge-parity violation) in neutrino flavor mixing -a step toward unraveling the mystery of matter generation in the early Universe. Independently, determination of the unknown neutrino mass ordering and precise measurement of neutrino mixing parameters by LBNE may reveal new fundamental symmetries of Nature.Grand Unified Theories, which attempt to describe the unification of the known forces, predict rates for proton decay that cover a range directly accessible with the next generation of large underground detectors such as LBNE's. The experiment's sensitivity to key proton decay channels will offer unique opportunities for the ground-breaking discovery of this phenomenon.Neutrinos emitted in the first few seconds of a core-collapse supernova carry with them the potential for great insight into the evolution of the Universe. LBNE's capability to collect and analyze this high-statistics neutrino signal from a supernova within our galaxy would provide a rare opportunity to peer inside a newly-formed neutron star and potentially witness the birth of a black hole.To achieve its goals, LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, highintensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a fine-grained near neutrino detector installed just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is ∼1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions.With its exceptional combi...

Magnon-drag is shown to dominate the thermopower of elemental Fe from 2 to 80 K and of elemental Co from 150 to 600 K; it is also shown to contribute to the thermopower of elemental Ni from 50 to 500 K. Two theoretical models are presented for magnon-drag thermopower. One is a hydrodynamic theory based purely on non-relativistic, Galilean, spinpreserving electron-magnon scattering. The second is based on spin-motive forces, where the thermopower results from the electric current pumped by the dynamic magnetization associated with a magnon heat flux. In spite of their very different microscopic origins, the two give similar predictions for pure metals at low temperature, allowing us to semi-quantitatively explain the observed thermopower of elemental Fe and Co without adjustable parameters. We also find that magnon-drag may contribute to the thermopower of Ni. A spin-mixing model is presented that describes the magnon-drag contribution to the Anomalous Nernst Effect in Fe, again enabling a semi-quantitative match to the experimental data without fitting parameters. Our work suggests 2 that particle non-conserving processes may play an important role in other types of drag phenomena, and also gives a predicative theory for improving metals as thermoelectric materials.

Weyl semimetals expand research on topologically protected transport by adding bulk Berry monopoles with linearly dispersing electronic states and topologically robust, gapless surface Fermi arcs terminating on bulk node projections. Here, we show how the Nernst effect, combining entropy with charge transport, gives a unique signature for the presence of Dirac bands. The Nernst thermopower of NbP (maximum of 800 VK -1 at 9 T, 109 K) exceeds its conventional thermopower by a hundredfold and is significantly larger than the thermopower of traditional thermoelectric materials. The Nernst effect has a pronounced maximum near TM=9020 K=0/kB (0 is chemical potential at T=0 K). A self-consistent theory without adjustable parameters shows that this results from electrochemical potential pinning to the Weyl point energy at TTM, driven by charge neutrality and Dirac band symmetry. Temperature and field dependences of the Nernst effect, an even function of the charge polarity, result from the intrinsically bipolar nature of the Weyl fermions. Through this study, we offer an understanding of the temperature dependence of the position of the electrochemical potential vis-à-vis the Weyl point, and we show a direct connection between topology and the Nernst effect, a potentially robust experimental tool for investigating topological states and the chiral anomaly. EH T EH T        (1)

We report temperature-dependent spin-Seebeck measurements on Pt/YIG bilayers and Pt/NiO/YIG trilayers, where YIG (Yttrium iron garnet, Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 ) is an insulating ferrimagnet and NiO is an antiferromagnet at low temperatures. The thickness of the NiO layer is varied from 0 to 10 nm. In the Pt/YIG bilayers, the temperature gradient applied to the YIG stimulates dynamic spin injection into the Pt, which generates an inverse spin Hall voltage in the Pt. The presence of a NiO layer dampens the spin injection exponentially with a decay length of 2±0.6 nm at 180 K. The decay length increases with temperature and shows a maximum of 5.5±0.8 nm at 360 K. The temperature dependence of the amplitude of the spin-Seebeck signal without NiO shows a broad maximum of 6.5±0.5 μV/K at 20 K. In the presence of NiO, the maximum shifts sharply to higher temperatures, likely correlated to the increase in decay length. This implies that NiO is most transparent to magnon propagation near the paramagnet-antiferromagnet transition. We do not see the enhancement in spin current driven into Pt reported in other papers when 1-2 nm NiO layers are sandwiched between Pt and YIG.

Temperature-dependent spin-Seebeck effect data on Pt|YIG (Y3Fe5O12)|GGG (Gd3Ga5O12) are reported for YIG films of various thicknesses. The effect is reported as a spin-Seebeck resistivity (SSR), the inverse spin-Hall field divided by the heat flux, to circumvent uncertainties about temperature gradients inside the films. The SSR is a non-monotonic function of YIG thickness. A diffusive model for magnon transport demonstrates how these data give evidence for the existence of two distinct length scales in thermal spin transport, a spin diffusion length and a magnon energy relaxation length. 2Since the discovery of the (longitudinal) spin-Seebeck effect (SSE) 1 , much work has been done to identify the length scales involved in the phenomenon. 2 Using nonlocal detection, it has been shown that relaxation of thermal magnons in YIG is governed by a spin diffusion length. 3The latter is reported to be around 10 μm, and, in some studies, increases to up to 70 μm at low temperatures. 4,5 . This has led to a consensus that the micron-scale dependence of SSE observed in planar geometries corresponds to the generation and accumulation of the nonequilibrium magnondensity gradients in the bulk. These experiments have been modeled theoretically in terms of magnon spin transport only, while assuming that the magnon-phonon processes leading to the relaxation of the magnon energy occur over very short length scales; hence, their effects can be disregarded. 3,5 Nevertheless, it is clear that magnon energy relaxation mechanisms by the phononic environment must be invoked generally for a complete understanding of thermal spin transport, and particularly for the physics underlying the SSE. Indeed, while heaters and thermometers couple to phonons, these must in turn couple to magnons in order to give rise to the SSE in a magnon-based system like YIG. These relaxation processes can be parameterized by the length over which magnon-to-phonon thermalization occurs, and the latter is expected to be a much smaller length scale than magnon spin-diffusion lengths; a theoretical argument can be found in Ref. [6]. Early work 7 defines an energy relaxation length similar to the one invoked here, but without quantifying it. Additionally, phonon-magnon drag has been put into evidence in previous SSE experiments 8,9 , which, again, points to the importance of interactions between magnons and phonons. To the best of our knowledge, no explicit evidence for the effect of this length scale on SSE measurements has been reported to date.Previous articles on thin films using various growth techniques 10,11,12 have shown the SSE signal to increase with increasing YIG film thickness. In this study, we grow a series of 3 Pt|YIG|GGG heterostructures, with YIG thickness varying from 10 nm to 1 μm, using the same growth technique for all films. We measure the temperature-dependent spin-Seebeck effect on these structures and of bulk single-crystal Pt|YIG. The spin-Seebeck signal increases for film thicknesses from 10 to 250 nm and again for the bulk Y...