This article analyzes peasant conflicts from an environmental perspective. First, we show a general theory about the environmental conflicts making a clear differentiation between environmental, environmentalist conflicts and green movements. We realize this differentiation using as criterion the goals of the actors in relation to the sustainability of the agroecosystems and depending on the types of discourses used on the protests. Second, we analyze the peasant use of agroecosystems and the differences between the agricultural systems based on organic energy in contrast with those based on fossil energy. Finally, we try to sort in several types the environmental conflicts of the peasant that took place between 18th and 20th centuries. In this sense, we analyze, using different bibliography, some examples of environmental peasant protests in the Mediterranean Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa. We discuss about conflicts produced around different resources like water, common goods or conflicts against pollution, Land Reform, reactions opposite to environment policies or defence of indigenous territories. These examples show that we have to pay attention to the environmental dimension of the peasant protest in order to understand the conflicts, although sometimes it is mixed with gender and class dimensions.
For years we have been developing several research projects in the field of environmental history, paying special attention to studies on environmental conflict. This look towards the resistance in defense of the territories, assumed by NGOs, researchers, academics but, in a special way, civil society that suffers the impact of industrial processes. The set of extractive activities carried out by industrial consortiums with the permissiveness of governments has consequences on the living and health conditions of the population as a whole. The historical processes of colonial appropriation of natural and energetic resources, at the service of a voracious capitalism or in its Chinese side, have turned each human activity into a new commodity. Extracting, Appropriating and Circulating energy and matter on a global scale has enormous consequences on the local population as well as on the structures of Metabolic Systems/Processes and sustainability on a global scale. Methodologically we use the tools provided by the EJOLT project (www.ejolt.org) to apply it in a decolonial key and proceed to apply the research in non-Eurocentric contexts. With this article we laid the foundations of research in the field of political ecology on environmental conflicts, putting as a novelty the application of research in the field of Asian studies, in its most innovative aspect as is the case of Korea.
Cómo citar este artículo/Citation: Ortega Santos, Antonio (2015), "Diálogo de saberes ambientales entre Europa-América. Agroecosistemas oasianos en Baja California Sur s. XVIII-XX.", Asclepio, 67 (1): p076. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2015.02 RESUMEN: Desde hace más de dos siglos, las Comunidades Oasianas de Baja California Sur han estado viviendo en íntima conexión con su medio ambiente. Con la llegada de los Jesuitas se produjo un intenso proceso de exterminio biocultural de los saberes sociambientales de esas comunidades, repoblando estas huertas y llanos con población -en muchos casos colonos-procedentes del sur de España-, redimensionado la identidad territorial como ranchera que gestionó los ecosistemas bajo pautas de autosuficiencia y subconsumo, dadas las fuertes constricciones socioambientales de agroecosistemas sudcalifornianos. A inicios del siglo XXI, las comunidades oasianas luchan contra la pérdida de sus saberes comunitarios, enclavados en edenes de enorme potencial biocultural, rescatando y manteniendo los cultivos traídos con la llegada de los jesuitas. Este marco nos permite describir un proceso de colonización de los ecosistemas a lo largo de los dos últimos siglos.PALABRAS CLAVE: Pensamiento Decolonial; Patrimonio Biocultural; Historia Ambiental; Historia Rural; Agrobiodiversidad.ABSTRACT: During two centuries, Oasis Communities of Baja California had been living in a intense connection with their environment. With the arrival of Jesuits, a deep extermination of biocultural heritage and socioenvironmental knowledges of these communities, repopulating of vegetable garden and drylands with people -in many cases, settler from the south of Spain-reconstructing the territorial identity as ranchera to manage the ecosystems under pattern of self-competence and under-consumption, due to the strong environmental constraints of lower california agro-ecosystem. At the beginning of XXIth century, Oasis Communities are fighting against the loss of community heritage, embedded in Eden with enormous bio-cultural dimension, rescuing and keeping crops from Europe with the Jesuits arrival. This frame allow us to draw a colonization process of ecosystems during contemporary age.
Desde hace tiempo la narrativa de la historia ambiental ha sido diseñada desde parámetros eurocéntricos en cuanto a su mirada al territorio como objeto de apropiación antrópica. El Capitaloceno como Sistema Global de destrucción ambiental se ha cimentado en ese eje epistemológico. Asistimos al reto de la mirada al reconocimiento de las aportaciones realizadas pero también hacia la construcción una narrativa decolonial con la que construir nuevos sujetos de nuestras epistemes y de los procesos de diseño comunitario de procesos hacia la sustentabilidad comunitaria. Para este relato tomamos en consideración las tramas en las que se ha construido la historia ambiental tanto en el ámbito de producción académica europea como norteamericano (de McNeill a Hughes, transitado por R. Grove) para concluir con una propuesta de reconceptualización de la propuesta decolonial aplicado al campo de los estudios socioambientales.
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