ARTIGOS Evaluación de barreras vegetales en el manejo integrado de la mancha anular del papayo (PRSV-P) en Michoacán, México ABSTRACTThe effect of plant barriers as a component of an integrated management program (IM) was validated and adapted in 1999, in Michoacan, Mexico, to control papaya ringspot, caused by papaya ringspot potyvirus type-P (PRSV-P). A split-plot design was established with two experimental factors: plant barriers and components of IM: IM without oil sprinkling (IM-O), IM without plant rouging (IM-R), and complete IM. Plant barriers (Hibiscus sabdariffa), sowed 20 days before papaya transplanting, and plant rouging delayed the epidemics onset in 19 days thus IM resulted in the highest yield (14.2%) than the rest of the treatments, but it was less effective than IM-O in Rivas-Valencia, P.; Mora-Aguilera, G.; Téliz-Ortiz, D.; Mora-Aguilera, A. Evaluation of plant barriers in an integrated management of papayo ringspot in Michoacan, Mexico.Summa Phytopathologica, v.34, n.4, p.307-312, 2008

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A new maize disease appeared in the State of Veracruz, Mexico during 2003–2004. Initial symptoms in the leaves were small, white-yellow, watery spots, which coalesced into dry necrotic stripes that were 0.3 wide and 8 cm long. Reddening sometimes developed on these leaves. Stems developed a rot in the crown. The flag leaf showed a rot and necrosis at the base, rolled inward, and dried out. Necrosis developed at the base of the corn ears and their growth was halted. A bacterium characterized by white colonies was consistently isolated from lesions on casamino acid peptone and glucose (CPG), King's medium B, and nutrient agar media. Ten isolates were chosen for further characterization. Pathogenicity was confirmed in the greenhouse (25 to 30°C) on 45-day-old ASGROW 7573 maize plants by injection of bacterial suspensions (107 CFU/ml) at the base of the stem. Control maize seedlings were injected with phosphate buffer. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field were observed after 3 days on all inoculated plants but were not observed on control plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with reisolation of the inoculated strain from the inoculated tissues and confirmation was fulfilled by phenotypic characters and 16S rDNA sequences. The white colonies on CPG were slightly convex, shiny, circular with entire margins, gram negative, lacked arginine dihydrolase, did not produce fluorescent pigment on Pseudomonas F medium, and grew aerobically. The strains were able to utilize l-arabinose, d-mannitol, and cellobiose, but unable to utilize d-maltose and l-rhamnose. Gel hydrolysis was positive but starch hydrolysis was not positive. Colonies grew at 40°C. These characteristics are the same as those described previously for Burkholderia gladioli (3). The identity of these isolates was confirmed by 16S analysis with two universal primers, FD1 and RD1, for Eubacteria (2), which generate a 1,600-bp fragment. Two primers specific for the genus Burhkolderia, RHG-F and RHG-R that generate a 500-bp fragment (1) were also used for amplification. Comparison of sequences using Clustal W and Megaline, DNAstar software showed 100% similarity among strains isolated from the three counties (GenBank Accession Nos. EU161873 to EU161878) and 99% similarity of field isolates with B. gladioli in the GenBank database. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. gladioli causing leaf stripe and stem rot of maize in Mexico. References: (1) J. J. Lipuma et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3167, 1999. (2) L. M. Rodrigues et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:4249, 2003. 3) N. W. Shaad et al., eds. 3rd ed. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001.

A disease in maize plants, not previously observed, appeared in 2003-2004 in Cosoleacaque, Tlalixcoyan and Paso de Ovejas counties, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Initial symptoms on leaves were small whiteyellow watery spots, which coalesced into dry necrotic stripes 0.3 wide and up to 8 cm long. Reddening sometimes developed on these leaves. Stems developed a rot in the crown. The flag leaf became rot and necrotic at the base, rolled inwards and dried out. Necrosis developed at the base of the corn ears and their growth was inhibited. These symptoms were initially observed in Asgrow-7573 commercial maize plantings. A bacterium characterized by white colonies, gram negative, aerobic, rod-shape, opaque, round colonies with entire margins on casaaminoacid peptone and glucose media was consistently isolated from diseased maize plants. On KingÕs Medium B, the isolates produced yellow, non-mucoid colonies, with the majority of the strains secreting a diffusible yellow pigment into the media. The bacterium identity was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S and 23S genes rDNA fragments. The bacterium was identified as Burkholderia gladioli. Its pathogenicity on maize plants in Mexico is a new record. Pathogenicity testsFrom the 480 leaf and stem samples, 240 bacterial cultures similar in morphology were obtained, from which 10 were selected for characterization and pathogenicity