The research in this article aimed to present the possibilities of wastewater treatment coming from the confectionery plant in the nanofiltration (NF) process and the use of photooxidation to mitigate membrane fouling. The process was carried out initially in a dead-end flow system, where the most favorable membrane was selected. Next, the purification efficiency and blocking intensity of this membrane in the system were compared with cross flow. The next research involved the use of a photolytic oxidation process to pretreat sugar wastewater. UV radiation was emitted by a medium pressure mercury UV lamp model TQ 150 V. The effectiveness of the process was also evaluated based on the degree of pollutant load removal. The evaluation of the efficiency of a treatment process was based on the change of wastewater quality indicators before and after the membrane process. The following parameters were controlled: color, COD (chemical oxygen demand), TOC (total organic carbon), absorbance of UV254, nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, conductivity, and pH. During the course of pressure filtration, the following properties of the membrane were determined: the dependence of the volumetric flux of the permeate on the process duration, the permeability of the membrane, as well as the contact angle of the membranes. It was found that the use of UV reduced the phenomenon of fouling of nanofiltration membranes. The value of the permeate volumetric flow after the hour of running the process increased by 17%. However, no impact of UV on the efficiency of wastewater treatment was found. However, the NF process provided the required quality of treated wastewater that can be reused in industrial applications. The NF process resulted in a total decrease in absorbance, 99% TOC removal, and 98% color removal.For the wastewater treatment in a closed cycle, mainly physicochemical methods are used, such as chemical precipitation, sorption, and membrane filtration. More expensive, more modern technology of wastewater treatment, such as nanofiltration or reverse osmosis, allows more effective purification. The advantage of these methods is that, after the treatment process in the wastewater, there are no semi-finished products of pollutants decomposition and additional chemicals [4,5].The main advantages of membrane processes are low power demand, small device constructions, high flexibility in terms of installation efficiency and effectiveness, the ability to incorporate membrane modules into existing systems of wastewater treatment equipment, removing a whole pollutants range, and not only changing them into forms of occurrence, effective removal of pathogenic microorganisms, effective removal of organic fouling, and obtaining water of better quality than specified in the requirements [5]. However, as is well known, these processes are accompanied by the inherent phenomena contributing to the reduction of the membrane performance owing to the increase of filtration system resistance. They include the fouling phenomenon. There are many studies r...
Grey water has been identified as a potential source of water in a number of applications e.g., toilet flushing, laundering in first rinsing, floor cleaning, and irrigation. The major obstacle to the reuse of grey water relates to pathogens, nutrients, and organic matter found in grey water. Therefore, much effort has been put to treat grey water, in order to yield high-quality water deprived of bacteria and with an appropriate value in a wide range of quality parameters (Total Organic Carbon (TOC), nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, pH, and absorbance), similar to the values for tap water. The aim of this study was to treat the real grey water, and turn it into high-quality, safe water. For this purpose, the real grey water was treated by means of a sequential biological reactor (SBR) followed by ultrafiltration. Initially, grey water was treated in a laboratory SBR reactor with a capacity of 3 L, operated in a 24 h cycle. Then, SBR effluent was purified in a cross-flow ultrafiltration setup. Treatment efficiency in SBR and ultrafiltration was assessed using extended physicochemical and microbiological analyses (pH, conductivity, color, absorbance, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, total nitrogen, phenol index, nonionic and anionic surfactants, TOC, Escherichia coli, and enterococci). Additionally, ultrafiltration was evaluated in terms of fouling behavior for three polymer membranes with different MWCO (molecular weight cut-off). The values of quality parameters (pH, conductivity, COD, BOD5, TOC, N-NH4+, N-NO3−, Ntot, and P-PO43−) measured in SBR effluent did not exceed permissible values for wastewater discharged to soil and water. Ultrafiltration provided the high-quality water with very low values of COD (5.8–18.1 mg/L), TOC (0.47–2.19 mg/L), absorbanceUV254 (0.015–0.048 1/cm), color (10–29 mgPt/L) and concentration of nitrate (0.18–0.56 mg/L), phosphate (0.9–2.1 mg/L), ammonium (0.03–0.11 mg/L), and total nitrogen (3.3–4.7 mg/L) as well as lack of E. coli and enterococci. Membrane structural and surface properties did not affect the treatment efficiency, but did influence the fouling behavior.
As water resources become increasingly scarce, the concept of water reuse is gaining importance. Recently, attention has been paid to the use of rainwater as an alternative water resource. Part of this study, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the ultrafiltration process. The aim of the research was to assess the influence of pollutants from various roof coverings on the ultrafiltration process and the occurrence of membrane fouling. Additionally, the rainwater disinfection process was performed using UV radiation. Analysis of rainwater collected from various roofing materials, evaluating rainwater treatment by ultrafiltration in a cross-flow system, determination of the effectiveness and efficiency of the UF membrane, and additional disinfection of rainwater using UV radiation were carried out. Rainwater was collected from various roofing materials, such as steel roof tiles (RW1), bituminous shingles (RW2), and tar paper roofing (RW3). The treatment efficiency of ultrafiltration was evaluated by monitoring typical quality parameters: color, turbidity, COD, TOC, absorbance of UV254, ammonium, conductivity, and pH. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Enterococci, were monitored as total number of microorganisms at 22 ± 2 °C after 72 h. As expected, a significant reduction in individual parameters was recorded. COD of rainwater decreased in RW1 by 59%, in RW2 by 69%, and in RW3 by 74%. The ultrafiltration process ensured the complete retention of the coliform bacteria and E. coli. Complete elimination of microorganisms was demonstrated when the ultrafiltration process and UV radiation disinfection were combined.
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