Highlights d Thyroid hormone induces browning independent of sympathetic nervous system through TRb d Despite high UCP1, the beige fat lacks adrenergic input and is inactive d Thyroid hormone's metabolic and thermogenic effects are maintained in UCP1 knockout mice d Thyroid hormone induces hyperthermia and elevates the body temperature setpoint

Highlights d GLP-1 inhibits glucose uptake and promotes b-oxidation in cultured astrocytes d Lack of astrocyte GLP-1R in vivo activates a stress response and increases FGF21 d Adaptations to astrocyte GLP-1R deletion improve glucose metabolism and memory

Highlights d Acute high-fat-diet feeding activates PNOC neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) d GABAergic PNOC ARC neurons inhibit anorexigenic POMC neurons d Optogenetic activation of PNOC ARC neurons promotes feeding d Ablation of PNOC ARC neurons protects from obesity

Highlights d Intersectional mapping of sensory neurons identifies distinct gut innervation patterns d Gut-innervating GLP1R+ vagal afferents relay anorexigenic signals to brainstem neurons d Gut-innervating GPR65+ vagal afferent stimulation increases hepatic glucose production d GLP1R+ vagal afferent activity is required to control glycemia during feeding

Highlights d Food intake induces orosensory and post-ingestive dopamine release in humans d Both recruit distinct pathways: orosensory integrative and higher cognitive centers d Dopamine release in ''wanting''-associated regions mirrors subjective desire to eat d Post-ingestive dopamine release in the putamen is inversely correlated to ''wanting''