The current worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 has changed the modus operandi of all segments of society. While some pandemic-related stressors affect nearly everyone, many especially affect women. Purpose: To review what is known about the pandemic's effect on women's mental health, what makes them more predisposed to vulnerabilities and adverse impacts, and strategies for preventing and treating these mental health consequences in the female population during specific stages across the lifespan. Methods: The authors performed a narrative review in combination with their observations from clinical experience in the field of women's mental health and reproductive psychiatry. Articles on women's mental health and COVID-19 up to May 30, 2020, were searched using the electronic PubMed and PsychInfo databases, as well as publications by major health entities (e.g., World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United Nations) and press releases from prime communication outlets (e.g., National Public Radio). Results and conclusions: Women who are pregnant, postpartum, miscarrying, or experiencing intimate partner violence are at especially high risk for developing mental health problems during the pandemic. Proactive outreach to these groups of women and enhancement of social supports could lead to prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment. Social support is a key protective factor. Similarly, parenting may be substantially more stressful during a pandemic. Gender disparities may be accentuated, particularly for employed women or single parents, as women are disproportionately responsible for the bulk of domestic tasks, including childcare and eldercare.

Background “ESKAPE” is an acronym for a group of life-threatening nosocomial pathogens, viz, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. Global efforts on controlling multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms have been hampered by their ability to escape antibacterial drugs. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens with prime focus on biofilm production and antibiotic resistance. Methods A total of 8756 clinical samples were processed for the isolation and identification of ESKAPE pathogens following standard microbiological procedures. These isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Test for MDR, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was done by the disk diffusion and E-test methods. In the case of VRE molecular detection was done for vanA and vanB genes. All the isolates were processed for biofilm detection by the tube adherence method. Results The percentage distribution of Enterococcus faecium was 5.5%, S. aureus 33.4%, K. pneumoniae 33.0%, A. baumannii 8.6%, P. aeruginosa 18.6%, and Enterobacter aerogenes 0.9%. MRSA was 57.6%, and vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecium was 20%. ESBL- and MBL-producing K. pneumoniae were 16.1%, and 8.1%, A. baumannii 10.3% each and P. aeruginosa 10.7% and 8.3%, respectively. A total of 42.3% of isolates were biofilm producers. Linezolid was the drug of choice for VRE. Ampicillin-sulbactam was most useful against A. baumannii apart from polymyxins, whereas piperacillin-tazobactam was effective against other Gram-negative bacteria. VanA gene was detected in all the VRE isolates. Conclusion This study estimates the burden of the ESKAPE organisms and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in a hospital setting. A high percentage of drug resistance and biofilm production was noted; hence antimicrobial resistance surveillance targeting ESKAPE pathogens should be incorporated in the infection control policy in Nepal.

Background: “ESKAPE” is an acronym for group of organisms as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumannii complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. They are associated in causing life threatening infections. Global efforts on controlling multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms have been hampered by their rapid emergence, inadequate tests for rapid detection and their ability to escape the antibacterial drugs. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens with prime focus on biofilm production and antibiotic resistance. Methods: A total of 8756 clinical specimens were processed for the isolation and identification of ESKAPE pathogens following standard microbiological protocol. These isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Detection of resistance phenotypes, viz., extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was done by disk diffusion method and E- test method as applicable. The VRE isolates were subjected for detection of Van A and Van B genes. All the isolates were processed for biofilm detection by tube adherence method. Results: The percentage distribution of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.5%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 33.0%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18.3%, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumannii complex 8.7%, Enterococcus faecium 5.6% and Enterobacter aerogenes 0.9%. MRSA was 57.6% and Vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecium was 20%. ESBL and MBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae were 16.1%, and 8.1%, Acb complex 10.3% each and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10.7% and 8.3% respectively. A total of 42.3% of isolates were biofilm producers. Linezolid was drug of choice for VRE isolates. Piperacillin- tazobactam was found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes; Ampicillin-sulbactam was the most effective drug against Acb complex excluding polymyxins. Van A gene was detected in all the VRE isolates. Conclusion: This study estimates the burden of the ESKAPE organisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern in a Nepalese hospital. The increasing percentages of drug resistance among these biofilm-producing pathogens pose great threat in medical setting. Surveillance targeting ESKAPE pathogens should be incorporated in infection control policy in Nepal.

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