A large number of crystallographic structures of IDO1 in different ligand-bound and -unbound states have been disclosed over the last decade. Yet, only a few of them have been exploited for structure-based drug design (SBDD) campaigns. In this study, we analyzed the structural motifs and molecularrecognition properties of three groups of IDO1 structures: 1) structures containing the heme group and inhibitors in the catalytic site; 2) heme-free structures of IDO1; 3) substratebound structures of IDO1. The results suggest that unrelated conformations of the enzyme have been solved with different ligand-induced changes of secondary motifs that localize even in regions remote from the catalytic site. Moreover, the study identified an uncharted region of molecular-recognition space covered by IDO1 binding sites that could guide the selection of diverse structures for additional SBDD studies aimed at the identification of novel lead compounds with differentiated chemical scaffolds.

The interaction between programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligand PD−L1 activates a coinhibitory signal that blocks T‐cell activation, promoting the immune escape process in the tumor microenvironment. Development of monoclonal antibodies targeting and inhibiting PD‐1/PD−L1 interaction as anticancer immunotherapies has proved successful in multiple clinical settings and for various types of cancer. Notwithstanding, limitations exist with the use of these biologics, including drug resistance and narrow therapeutic response rate in a majority of patients, that demand for the design of more efficacious small molecule‐based immunotherapies. Alteration of pH in the tumor microenvironment is a key factor that is involved in promoting drug resistance, tumor survival and progression. In this study, we have investigated the effect of pH shifts on binding properties of distinct classes of PD−L1 inhibitors, including macrocyclic peptide and small molecules. Results expand structure‐activity relationships of PD−L1 inhibitors, providing insights into structural features and physicochemical properties that are useful for the design of ligands that may escape a drug resistance mechanism associated to variable pH conditions of tumor microenvironment.

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The pKa values of a dataset of PROTACs and PROTAC precursors have been analyzed in order to show how a fine modulation of piperazine-containing linkers can impact their protonation state.

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