Realizou-se este trabalho com o intuito de quantificar a presença de moléculas de agrotóxicos em águas superficiais de três unidades paisagísticas (UP) com diferentes configurações de uso, numa microbacia hidrográfica de cabeceira em Agudo, RS. Dois coletores semi-automáticos de água foram instalados no córrego de cada UP, onde se coletaram amostras, por ocasião de chuvas, em três épocas da cultura do fumo: transplante, aterramento junto aos pés da cultura (planta com 6-10 folhas) e colheita. Os princípios ativos imidacloprid, atrazina, simazina e clomazone foram quantificados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detecção no Ultravioleta (HPLC-UV). Clorpirifós, flumetralin e iprodione foram analisados por Cromatografia Gasosa com Detecção por Captura de Elétrons (GC-ECD), porém não apresentaram concentrações detectáveis nas amostras. Os pontos de coleta cuja UP se configurou com a presença de lavouras com fumo e de reduzida mata ciliar, mostraram pelo menos um princípio ativo de agrotóxico e em uma época; contudo, nenhum agrotóxico foi detectado na UP, que se apresentou totalmente coberta com vegetação permanente ou com expressiva proteção dos córregos pela mata ciliar.
Recebido em 17/6/12; aceito em 31/1/13; publicado na web em 14/5/13Tobacco cultivation in shallow soils and steep landscape under intense use of agrochemicals contributes to environment degradation. In this study, we assessed the concentration of agrochemicals in draw wells used for human consumption and a creek in a small catchment predominantly cropped to tobacco. Chlorpyrifos, flumetralin, and iprodione were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, while imidalcloprid, atrazine, simazine, and clomazone were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Considering all sampling sites, all agrochemicals were detected at least once, except for flumetralin. The occurrence of agrochemicals in tobacco crops is a consequence of their fast transfer to surface water.
SUMMARYLong-standing applications of mineral fertilizers or types of organic wastes such as manure can cause phosphorus (P) accumulation and changes in the accumulated P forms in the soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the forms of P accumulated in soils treated with mineral fertilizer or different types of manure in a long-term experiment. Soil was sampled from the 0-5 cm layer of plots fertilized with five different nutrient sources for nine years: 1) control without fertilizer; 2) mineral fertilizer at recommended rates for local conditions; 3) 5 t ha -1 year -1 of moist poultry litter; 4) 60 m 3 ha -1 year -1 of liquid cattle manure and 5) 40 m 3 ha -1 year -1 of liquid swine manure. The 31 P-NMR spectra of soil extracts detected the following P compounds: orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, inositol phosphate, glycerophosphate, and DNA. The use of organic or mineral fertilizer over nine years did not change the soil P forms but influenced their concentration. Fertilization with mineral or organic fertilizers stimulated P accumulation in inorganic forms. Highest inositol phosphate levels were observed after fertilization with any kind of manure and highest organic P concentration in glycerophosphate form in after mineral or no fertilization.Index terms: glycerophosphate, manure, phytate, organic phosphorus, organic fertilization.(1) Received for publication on October 26, 2011 and approved on January 22, 2013.
Purpose The transfer of soil sediments and phosphorus from terrestrial to aquatic systems is a common process in agricultural lands. The aims of this paper are to quantify the soil phosphorus availability and to characterize phosphorus forms in soil sediments as contaminant agents of waters as a function of anthropic pressures. Materials and methods On three subwatersheds with different anthropic pressure, water and sediment samples were collected automatically in upstream and downstream discharge points in six rainfall events during the tobacco growing season. Phosphorus desorption capacity from soil sediments was estimated by successive extractions with anion exchange resins. First-order kinetic models were adjusted to desorption curves for estimating potentially bioavailable particulate phosphorus, desorption rate constant, and bioavailable particulate phosphorus. Results and discussion The amount of bioavailable particulate phosphorus was directly correlated with the iron oxide content. The value of desorption rate constant was directly related with the total organic carbon and inversely with the iron oxide contents. Phosphate ions were released to solution, on average, twice as rapidly from sediments collected in subwatersheds with low anthropic activity than from those ones of highly anthropic subwatersheds. Anthropic pressure on watershed can engender high sediment discharge, but these solid particles seem to present low phosphorus-releasing capacity to water during transport due to the evidenced high affinity between phosphorus and iron oxide from sediments. Conclusions Anthropic pressure was related with sediment concentration and phosphorus release to aquatic systems. While natural vegetation along streams plays a role on soil and water depuration, it is unable to eliminate the phosphorus inputs intrinsic to the agricultural-intensive systems. Recommendations and perspectives The contamination of water in watershed by phosphates is facilitated by the erosion process and the traditional tobacco cropping system. Urgent measures for erosion control must be adopted, in accordance to conformations of landscape and the local inhabitants' needs. Among them, those worth pointing out are the adoption of a conservation crop system, regeneration of riparian zone, and reduction of the phosphate doses added to soil for tobacco cultivation.
Resumo Nos últimos tempos, as ações antrópicas estão sendo apontadas como responsáveis por inúmeros problemas para saúde humana. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar indicativos para possíveis problemas da
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