BackgroundTo determine the relationship between adherence to the diet reported by patients with type 1 diabetes under routine clinical care in Brazil, and demographic, socioeconomic status, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The data was obtained from 3,180 patients, aged 22 ± 11.8 years (56.3% females, 57.4% Caucasians and 43.6% non-Caucasians). The mean time since diabetes diagnosis was 11.7 ± 8.1 years.ResultsOverall, 1,722 (54.2%) of the patients reported to be adherent to the diet without difference in gender, duration of diabetes and socioeconomic status. Patients who reported adherence to the diet had lower BMI, HbA1c, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and had more HbA1c at goal, performed more frequently self-monitoring of blood glucose (p < 0.001), and reported less difficulties to follow specific schedules of diet plans (p < 0.001). Less patients who reported to be adherent were obese or overweight (p = 0.005). The quantity of food and time schedule of the meals were the most frequent complaints. Logistic regression analysis showed that ethnicity, (Caucasians, (OR 1.26 [1.09-1.47]), number of medical clinical visits in the last year (OR 1.10 [1.06-1.15]), carbohydrate counting, (OR 2.22 [1.49-3.30]) and diets recommended by diabetes societies’, (OR 1.57 [1.02-2.41]) were related to greater patients’ adherence (p < 0.05) and age, [adolescents (OR 0.60 [0.50-0.72]), high BMI (OR 0.58 [0.94-0.98]) and smoking (OR 0.58 [0.41-0.84]) with poor patients’ adherence (p < 0.01).ConclusionsOur results suggest that it is necessary to rethink medical nutrition therapy in order to help patients to overcome barriers that impair an optimized adherence to the diet.

BackgroundTo determine the characteristics of clinical care offered to type 1 diabetic patients across the four distinct regions of Brazil, with geographic and contrasting socioeconomic differences. Glycemic control, prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, screening for chronic complications and the frequency that the recommended treatment goals were met using the American Diabetes Association guidelines were evaluated.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted from December 2008 to December 2010 in 28 secondary and tertiary care public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities in north/northeast, mid-west, southeast and south regions. The data were obtained from 3,591 patients (56.0% females and 57.1% Caucasians) aged 21.2 ± 11.7 years with a disease duration of 9.6 ± 8.1 years (<1 to 50 years).ResultsOverall, 18.4% patients had HbA1c levels <7.0%, and 47.5% patients had HbA1c levels ≥ 9%. HbA1c levels were associated with lower economic status, female gender, age and the daily frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) but not with insulin regimen and geographic region. Hypertension was more frequent in the mid-west (32%) and north/northeast (25%) than in the southeast (19%) and south (17%) regions (p<0.001). More patients from the southeast region achieved LDL cholesterol goals and were treated with statins (p<0.001). Fewer patients from the north/northeast and mid-west regions were screened for retinopathy and nephropathy, compared with patients from the south and southeast. Patients from the south/southeast regions had more intensive insulin regimens than patients from the north/northeast and mid-west regions (p<0.001). The most common insulin therapy combination was intermediate-acting with regular human insulin, mainly in the north/northeast region (p<0.001). The combination of insulin glargine with lispro and glulisine was more frequently used in the mid-west region (p<0.001). Patients from the north/northeast region were younger, non-Caucasian, from lower economic status, used less continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, performed less SBGM and were less overweight/obese (p<0.001).ConclusionsA majority of patients, mainly in the north/northeast and mid-west regions, did not meet metabolic control goals and were not screened for diabetes-related chronic complications. These results should guide governmental health policy decisions, specific to each geographic region, to improve diabetes care and decrease the negative impact diabetes has on the public health system.

BackgroundMetabolic abnormalities in congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) are associated with microvascular complications. However, the evaluation of different types of neuropathy in these patients, including the commitment of cardiovascular autonomic modulation, is scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with CGL compared with individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy subjects.MethodsTen patients with CGL, 20 patients with type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy subjects were included in the study. Controls were paired 1:2 for age, gender, BMI and pubertal stage. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests, including postural hypotension test, Valsalva (VAL), respiratory (E/I) and orthostatic (30/15) coefficients, and spectral analysis of the HRV, determining very low (VLF), low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies components. The diagnosis of CAN was defined as the presence of at least two altered tests.ResultsCAN was detected in 40% of the CGL patients, 5% in type 1 diabetes patients and was absent in healthy individuals (p < 0.05). We observed a significant reduction in the E/I, VLF, LF and HF in CGL cases vs. type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals and lower levels of 30/15 and VAL in CGL vs. healthy individuals. A significant positive correlation was observed between leptin and 30/15 coefficient (r = 0.396; p = 0.036) after adjusting for insulin resistance and triglycerides. Autonomic cardiovascular tests were associated with HbA1c, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and albumin/creatinine ratio in CGL cases.ConclusionsWe observed a high prevalence of CAN in young patients with CGL, suggesting that insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoleptinemia, may have been involved in early CAN development. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the role of leptinemia in the physiopathogenesis of the condition.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12872-017-0738-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

RESUMOEste estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a freqüência de complicações materno-fetais, tipo de parto e controle metabólico das gestantes diabéticas atendidas no HCFMRP-USP, entre 1992 e 1999. Foram estudadas 261 pacientes, das quais 44 (16,3%) tinham diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), 82 (30,5%) diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) e 143 (53,2%) diabetes gestacional (DMG). Observou-se uma freqüência elevada de obesidade previamente à gestação nas pacientes com DMG (47,6%) e DM2 (65,9%) e também de HAS nesse último grupo (46,3%). Apesar do início tardio, houve no decorrer do seguimento melhora do controle metabólico do DM nos 3 grupos, observada através da redução dos níveis glicêmicos (DM1 às 10h: 197±40 vs. 128±39mg/dl, p= 0,003; DM2 às 7h: 147±53 vs. 102±19mg/dl, p= 0,001; 14h: 164±53 vs. 121±28mg/dl, p= 0,01; e 20h: 201±55 vs. 147±43mg/dl, p= 0,01; DMG às 7h: 100±34 vs. 89±20mg/dl, p= 0,003; 10h: 144±49 vs. 122±29mg/dl, p= 0,03 e 14h: 126±38 vs. 112±27mg/dl, p= 0,001) e da HbA1 (DM1: 11,1±2,9 vs. 5,7±1,8%, p= 0,02). As complicações maternas mais incidentes foram hipoglicemias, infecções do trato urinário (ITU), vulvovaginites, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e doença hipertensiva específica da gravidez (DHEG). Foi significativamente maior a freqüência de hipoglicemias (29,5%, p< 0,0001), de ITU (29,5%, p= 0,02) e de abortos (11,4%, p= 0,003) nas pacientes com DM1 que nos outros grupos. Não houve nenhum óbito materno. Nos 3 grupos, o parto cesária foi o mais utilizado (DM1: 74,3%; DM2: 79,5%; DMG: 60,5%). Hipoglicemias, prematuridade, icterícia e macrossomia foram as complicações fetais de maior incidência. Foram complicações significativamente mais freqüentes nos recém-nascidos de gestantes com DM1: prematuridade (53,7%, p< 0,0001), natimortalidade (14,6%, p< 0,0001) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido (13,9%, p= 0,003). Embora tenha havido melhora do controle metabólico nos grupos estudados, não foi atingida uma completa normalização dos níveis sangüíneos de glicose e hemoglobina glicada, o que provavelmente contribuiu para as taxas de complicações materno-fetais verificadas nas nossas pacientes. ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of maternal and fetal complications, type of delivery and metabolic control of diabetic pregnant women followed at HCFMRP-USP, between 1992 and 1999. Outcome data were obtained on 261 patients where 44 (16.3%) had type 1 (DM1), 82 (30.5%) had type 2 (DM2) and 143 (53.2%) had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The occurrence of obesity prior to gestation was elevated in patients with GDM (47.6%) and DM2 (65.9%). Hypertension was also frequent in the latter group (46.3%). In spite of the late beginning of the prenatal care in all three groups, there was metabolic control improvement, observed through reduction of glycemias (DM1: 10h: 197±40 vs. 128±39mg/dl, p= 0.003; DM2: 7h: 147±53 vs. 102±19mg/dl, p= 0.001; 14h: 164±53 vs. 121±28mg/dl, p= 0.01; 20h: 201±55 vs. 147±43mg/dl, p= 0.01; artigo originalEvolução Materno-Fetal de Gestantes ...

The majority of our patients (88.5%) performed three or more self-monitoring tests daily, with more frequent testing reported by females, younger patients, those on intensive insulin regimens and of higher socio-economic status. No additional benefit was found in patients who performed self-monitoring more than four times daily. The diabetes care team must improve patients' education regarding self-monitoring of blood glucose and its benefits.

ObjectiveTo explore the impact on microvascular complications, long-term preservation of residual B-cell function and glycemic control of patients with type 1 diabetes treated with autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (AHST) compared with conventional medical therapy (CT).Research design and methodsCross-sectional data of patients treated with AHST were compared with patients who received conventional therapy from the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group, the largest multicenter observational study in type 1 diabetes mellitus in Brazil. Both groups of patients had diabetes for 8 years on average. An assessment comparison was made on the presence of microvascular complications, residual function of B cell, A1c, and insulin dose of the patients.ResultsAfter a median of 8 years of diagnosis, none of the AHST-treated patients (n = 24) developed microvascular complications, while 21.5% (31/144) had at least one (p < 0.005) complication in the CT group (n = 144). Furthermore, no case of nephropathy was reported in the AHST group, while 13.8% of CT group (p < 0.005) developed nephropathy during the same period. With regard of residual B-cell function, the percentage of individuals with predicted higher C-peptide levels (IDAA1C ≤ 9) was about 10-fold higher in the AHST group compared with CT (75 vs. 8.3%) (p < 0.001) group. Among AHST patients, 54.1% (13/24) had the HbA1c < 7.0 compared with 13.1% in the CT (p < 0.001) group.ConclusionPatients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes treated with AHST presented lower prevalence of microvascular complications, higher residual B-cell function, and better glycemic control compared with the CT group.

Background Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare disorder characterized by the absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular complications, including cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to access the association between CAN parameters and cardiovascular abnormalities in CGL patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 10 CGL patients and 20 healthy controls matched for age, sex, BMI, and pubertal stage. We evaluated clinical, laboratory, and cardiovascular parameters—left ventricular mass index (LVMI), interventricular septum thickness (IVS), systolic and diastolic function determined by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography; carotid intimal media thickness (cIMT); and cQT interval. Heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated by spectral analysis components—high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), very low frequency (VLF), LF/HF ratio, and total amplitude spectrum (TAS)—and cardiovascular reflexes tests (postural hypotension test, respiratory, orthostatic and Valsalva coefficients). Results In CGL group, four patients (40%) had LVH and diastolic dysfunction. HF component (parasympathetic control) was lower in LVH patients. CGL patients presented higher values of cIMT and cQT interval than heathy subjects. Inverse association between LVMI and LF (p = 0.011), IVS and LF (p = 0.007), and cIMT and leptin (p < 0.001) were observed, even after adjustments by HOMA-IR, A1c, and blood pressure. In CGL group, there were associations between LMVI and HF component (IC95%: − 1.000; − 00.553), LVMI and TAS (IC95%: − 1.000; − 0.012), and IVS and HF component (IC95%: − 1.000; − 0.371). Conclusion The association between increased LV mass and parameters of HRV provides possible speculations about the involvement of CAN in the pathophysiology of the cardiac complications, including LVH, in patients with CGL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13098-019-0444-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundIn type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management, enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is as important as good metabolic control and prevention of secondary complications. This study aims to evaluate possible regional differences in HRQoL, demographic features and clinical characteristics of patients with T1DM in Brazil, a country of continental proportions, as well as investigate which variables could influence the HRQoL of these individuals and contribute to these regional disparities.MethodsThis was a retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study performed by the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG), by analyzing EuroQol scores from 3005 participants with T1DM, in 28 public clinics, among all geographical regions of Brazil. Data on demography, economic status, chronic complications, glycemic control and lipid profile were also collected.ResultsWe have found that the North-Northeast region presents a higher index in the assessment of the overall health status (EQ-VAS) compared to the Southeast (74.6 ± 30 and 70.4 ± 19, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, North-Northeast presented a lower frequency of self-reported anxiety-depression compared to all regions of the country (North-Northeast: 1.53 ± 0.6; Southeast: 1.65 ± 0.7; South: 1.72 ± 0.7; Midwest: 1.67 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). These findings could not be entirely explained by the HbA1c levels or the other variables examined.ConclusionsOur study points to the existence of additional factors not yet evaluated that could be determinant in the HRQoL of people with T1DM and contribute to these regional disparities.