The term 'cytoplasmic droplet' is confusingly used to describe two different sperm structures: large amounts of retained, excessive cytoplasmic remnants, that survive the air-drying procedure and are observed on abnormal sperm in conventionally stained sperm smears, and osmotically sensitive vesicles that are present on normal living sperm. A plea is made to retain the term 'cytoplasmic droplet' for the latter structure of normal sperm and to use the term 'excess residual cytoplasm' to describe the abnormally retained cytoplasm observed on abnormal sperm in smears.

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Activation and overexpression of FoxO3 in granulosa cells of PCOS women correlated with higher apoptosis levels in these cells suggesting that FoxO3 may be a candidate for the higher apoptosis in granulosa cells from women with PCOS.

The radioprotective effects of citrus extract were investigated by using the micronucleus test for anticlastogenic and cell proliferation activity. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of citrus extract (Citrus aurantium var. amara) at 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight 1 h prior to gamma-ray irradiation (1.5 Gy) reduced the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE(S)) and normochromatic erythrocytes (MnNCE (S)). All three doses of citrus extract significantly reduced the frequencies of MnPCEs and MnNCEs in mice bone marrow compared to non-drug-treated irradiated control (p < 0.005-0.05). The optimum dose for protection in mouse was 250 mg/kg to protect mice bone marrow 2.2-fold against the side effects of gamma-irradiation with respect to the non-drug-treated irradiated control. The flavonoids were contained in citrus extract, probably to show protective activity, and reduced the clastogenic effect of radiation on mice bone marrow. Therefore fruits and vegetables contain flavonoids to be useful as protective effects under such stress conditions as irradiation.

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