Aim: This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of carbohydrate-enriched rations fed to pasture and stall-housed cows. Materials and Methods: Forty Holstein cows were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. The experiment lasted 305 days. All animals were kept under the same conditions, except for the amount of energy-carbohydrate rations fed. The control cows were on a standard diet. Experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 received a ration enriched with energy-carbohydrate components at 250, 500, and 700 g/head/day, respectively. Feed intake was measured on 2 consecutive days each month. During the balance trial, when young animals reached 13 months, feed intake was examined daily. Fodder, its residues, feces, and urine collected during the balance trial were used to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen exchange. Results: Nitrogen balance was positive in all experimental animals. Cows in Group 3 made better use of the digested nitrogen. A biochemical blood test showed higher total protein content in the serum of the experimental cows than in the control by 1.47-3.49% (p≤0.05-0.001) in winter and 0.24-0.98% (p≤0.01) in summer. In winter, the serum protein level increased due to changed feeding routines and shorter exercise times, but did not exceed physiological requirements. The alpha- and gamma-globulins levels increased to 0.2-0.5 g/L in winter and 0.3-0.6 g/L in summer, and 0.5-1.4 g/L in winter and 0.1-0.2 g/L in summer, respectively. Beta-globulins decreased. The supplement had a positive effect on milk output, which increased by 67.1-137.3 kg (1.93-3.95%; p≤0.05-0.001) in the first 100 lactation days, then by 198.2-458.8 kg (2.39- 5.53%; p≤0.05-0.001) for the remaining days. All animals had a high milk yield coefficient, with the experimental groups having 0.64-2.64% more milk yield than the control. The lactation curves showed that the average daily milk yield of all experimental cows increased, then gradually decreased along the physiological trajectory from the 3rd month until the end of lactation. Milk quality analysis in the experimental groups indicated an increase in the dry matter content by 0.17- 0.27% (p≤0.001) in summer and 0.16-0.27% (p≤0.001) in winter; higher protein levels by 0.04-0.06% in summer and 0.03- 0.07% (p≤0.05) in winter; increased fat by 0.09-0.14% (p≤0.05-0.001) in summer and 0.09-0.13% (p≤0.05-0.001) in winter; increased density by 0.47-0.61°A (p≤0.05) in summer and 0.17-0.27°A in winter; and increased energy by 1.70-2.63% (p≤0.001) in summer and 1.57-2.54% (p≤0.01-0.001) in winter. Conclusion: The energy-carbohydrate feed "Tanrem" can provide the required energy intake of Holstein cows. The maximum biological and economic effect wads attained at 500 g per animal.
The issues of optimizing regional pricing are especially acute for the Kaliningrad Region due to its exclave features. At the same time, the cost of energy resources has become one of the main issues in making managerial decisions. Recently, the so-called Technoparks have become one of the new forms of organizing the production process in a certain branch of industry, or a process that is at the junction of several branches. There are a variety of descriptions of the indisputable advantages of this work format for a specific technological process, however, the possibilities in the field of reducing the costs of consumed energy resources that arise with such a local siting of production are not discussed that often. According to the authors of the article, based on the structure of the tariff, it is possible to classify methods of reducing the cost price by the impact on the components of the final cost of energy supply services. It should be noted that the classification sign of saving methods will be precisely the component of the tariff, while the methods themselves can be aimed both at reducing the price expression of each component of the tariff and at the volume of services for this component. The authors have also identified regional features of the pricing processes in the energy industry.
One of the main requirements for modern technologies is to expand the range of meat products by creating combined products with a balanced composition of food and biologically active substances. The purpose of the study was to develop a technology for the production of such combined meat products. The research used secondary meat raw materials of the meat processing industry: horse meat, flank and other beef muscle tissue of the second grade, which, after fermentation by a consortium of microorganisms consisting of the following cultures: Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidumbacterium siccum, Staphilococcus carnosus, were used instead of the main meat raw materials in the production of sausages. The following indicators of ready-prepared products were studied: organoleptic properties, chemical, vitamin and mineral composition, toxicity and harmlessness, storage duration. The results showed that the use of this consortium of microorganisms in the production of sausage products made it possible to use secondary collagen-containing raw materials for processing. The positive influence of the proposed biotechnological method of processing meat raw materials on the organoleptic, physical-chemical, structural-mechanical, microbiological characteristics and biological value of the finished product was revealed. It was found that the use of a consortium of microorganisms increased the quality of finished products. In addition, the proposed technology has the potential to reduce the cost of production and increase the share of waste-free production in the meat processing industry.
Enriching the diet of cows with nutrients and energy is an urgent task facing livestock specialists. In this regard, we propose to use a new type of feed in the diet of cows. For this purpose, using the software package, a ration balance was made for cows of black and motley breed. The differences were that different doses of the new “Tanrem” energy-carbohydrate feed were administered to the cows of the experimental groups. When analyzing the structure of the diet, it was found that in the pasture period a significant proportion falls on succulent feed, and in the stall - on rough and concentrated. It should be noted that both in the grazing and stalling periods, cows show a decrease in the proportion of succulent feeds with the introduction of the studied additive. Calculation of nitrogen balance showed that in all animals participating in the experiment, it was positive. In this case, nitrogen was best used from the accepted and from the digested cow of the three experimental groups, worst of all - control animals. The maximum effect was shown by the supplement at a dose of 700 g per day per animal. Further research will focus on the study of milk productivity and the quality of dairy products of cows.
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