The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with mortality in intensive care unit patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) septic shock. A retrospective analysis of intensive care unit patients with KPC-Kp infection and septic shock observed in a large teaching hospital from November 2010 to December 2014 was performed. A total of 111 patients were included in the study. The most frequent source of infection was unknown-focus bacteraemia in 53 patients (47.7%). The rate of resistance to colistin was 51.3%; 30-day mortality was reported for 44 patients (39.6%). Surviving patients were more frequently treated with an initial therapy (within 24 hours) including two or more antibiotics displaying in vitro activity against the isolated KPC-Kp strain (41.8 vs. 18.1%, p 0.01) and were also more likely to receive a definitive therapy including two or more in vitro active antibiotics (85.1 vs. 15.9%, p <0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed that a colistin-containing antibiotic regimen (hazard ratio (HR) 0.21, confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.05-0.72, p <0.001), use of two or more in vitro active antibiotics as definite therapy (HR 0.08, CI 95% 0.02-0.21, p <0.001) and control of removable source of infection (HR 0.14, CI 95% 0.04-0.25, p <0.001) were associated with favourable outcome; colistin resistance (HR 8.09, CI 95% 3.14-11.23, p 0.001) and intra-abdominal source of infection (HR 2.92, CI 95% 2.11-4.12, p 0.002) were associated with death. In conclusion, use of a definitive therapy with at least two antibiotics displaying in vitro activity against the KPC-Kp isolates was the most important determinant of favourable outcome, whilst isolation of colistin-resistant strains was associated with death in septic patients with KPC-Kp infection.
As of 25 May 2020, a total of 5 304 772 laboratory-confirmed cases and 342 029 deaths due to coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported worldwide [ 1 ], with the USA, Russia and Brazil being the most involved countries. In the absence of a specific treatment with established efficacy, and while waiting for the development of an effective and safe vaccine, prompt identification and immediate isolation of infected subjects still represent the most important countermeasures to stem the exponential rise in COVID-19 cases and related deaths.
Background Little is known on the burden of co-infections and superinfections in a specific setting such as the respiratory COVID-19 sub-intensive care unit. This study aims to (i) assess the prevalence of concurrent and superinfections in a respiratory sub-intensive care unit, (ii) evaluate the risk factors for superinfections development and (iii) assess the impact of superinfections on in-hospital mortality. Methods Single-center retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data including COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a newly established respiratory sub-intensive care unit managed by pneumologists which has been set up from September 2020 at a large (1200 beds) University Hospital in Rome. Inclusion criteria were: (i) COVID-19 respiratory failure and/or ARDS; (ii) hospitalization in respiratory sub-intensive care unit and (iii) age > 18 years. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier curves and the statistical significance of the differences between the two groups was assessed using the log-rank test. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox regression model were performed to tease out the independent predictors for superinfections’ development and for mortality, respectively. Results A total of 201 patients were included. The majority (106, 52%) presented severe COVID-19. Co-infections were 4 (1.9%), whereas 46 patients (22%) developed superinfections, mostly primary bloodstream infections and pneumonia. In 40.6% of cases, multi-drug resistant pathogens were detected, with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-Ab) isolated in 47%. Overall mortality rate was 30%. Prior (30-d) infection and exposure to antibiotic therapy were independent risk factors for superinfection development whereas the development of superinfections was an independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. CR-Ab resulted independently associated with 14-d mortality. Conclusion In a COVID-19 respiratory sub-intensive care unit, superinfections were common and represented an independent predictor of mortality. CR-Ab infections occurred in almost half of patients and were associated with high mortality. Infection control rules and antimicrobial stewardship are crucial in this specific setting to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant organisms.
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