A mAb J43 has been produced against the product of the mouse PD-1 gene, a member of the Ig gene superfamily, which was previously isolated from an apoptosis-induced T cell hybridoma (2B4.11) by using subtractive hybridization. Analyses by flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation using the J43 mAb revealed that the PD-1 gene product is a 50-55 kDa membrane protein expressed on the cell surface of several PD-1 cDNA transfectants and 2B4.11 cells. Since the molecular weight calculated from the amino acid sequence is 29, 310, the PD-1 protein appears to be heavily glycosylated. Normal murine lymphoid tissues such as thymus, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow contained very small numbers of PD-1(+) cells. However, a significant PD-1(+) population appeared in the thymocytes as well as T cells in spleen and lymph nodes by the in vivo anti-CD3 mAb treatment. Furthermore, the PD-1 antigen expression was strongly induced in distinct subsets of thymocytes and spleen T cells by in vitro stimulation with either anti-CD3 mAb or concanavalin A (Con A) which could lead T cells to both activation and cell death. Similarly, PD-1 expression was induced on spleen B cells by in vitro stimulation with anti-IgM antibody. By contrast, PD-1 was not significantly expressed on lymphocytes by treatment with growth factor deprivation, dexamethasone or lipopolysaccharide. These results suggest that the expression of the PD-1 antigen is tightly regulated and induced by signal transduction through the antigen receptor and do not exclude the possibility that the PD-1 antigen may play a role in clonal selection of lymphocytes although PD-1 expression is not required for the common pathway of apoptosis.

SummaryFas ligand (FasL) is a type II integral membrane protein homologous with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) . Recent studies indicate that TNF is processed to yield the soluble cytokine by metalloproteinases at the cell surface of activated macrophages and T cells . In the present study, we investigated whether FasL is also released by metalloproteinases . Treatment with hydroxamic acid inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases specifically led to accumulation of membrane-type FasL

Cell-mediated autoimmunity has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular cell injury in Takayasu's arteritis. To clarify the immunological mechanisms involved, we examined the expression of a cytolytic factor, perforin in infiltrating cells of aortic tissue samples from seven patients with Takayasu's arteritis. We also examined the expression of a 65-kD heat-shock protein

PD-1, a member of the Ig superfamily, was previously isolated from an apoptosis-induced T cell hybridoma 2B4.11 by subtractive hybridization. Expresson of the PD-1 mRNA is restricted to thymus in adult mice. Using an anti-PD-1 mAb (J43), we examined expression of the PD-1 protein during differentiation of thymocytes in normal adult, fetal and RAG-2(-/-) mice with or without anti-CD3 mAb stimulation. While PD-1 was expressed only on 3-5% of total normal thymocytes, approximately 34% of the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) fraction are PD-1(+) cells with two distinct expression levels (low and high). PD-1(high) thymocytes belonged to TCR gammadelta lineage cells. In the DN compartment of the TCR alphabeta lineage, PD-1 expression started at the low level from the CD44(+)CD25(+) stage and the majority of thymocytes expressed PD-1 at the CD44(-)CD25(-) stage in which the thymocytes express TCR beta chains. The anti-CD3epsilon antibody administration augmented the PD-1 expression as well as the differentiation of the CD44(-)CD25(+) DN cells into the CD44(-)CD25(-) DN stage, not only in normal mice but also in RAG-2-deficient mice. The fraction of the PD-1(low) cells in the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) compartment was very small (<5%) but increased by stimulation with the anti-CD3 antibody, although the total number of DP cells was drastically reduced. The results show that PD-1 expression is specifically induced at the stages preceding clonal selection.

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