Background Deep learning enables accurate high-resolution mapping of cells and tissue structures that can serve as the foundation of interpretable machine-learning models for computational pathology. However, generating adequate labels for these structures is a critical barrier, given the time and effort required from pathologists. Results This article describes a novel collaborative framework for engaging crowds of medical students and pathologists to produce quality labels for cell nuclei. We used this approach to produce the NuCLS dataset, containing >220,000 annotations of cell nuclei in breast cancers. This builds on prior work labeling tissue regions to produce an integrated tissue region- and cell-level annotation dataset for training that is the largest such resource for multi-scale analysis of breast cancer histology. This article presents data and analysis results for single and multi-rater annotations from both non-experts and pathologists. We present a novel workflow that uses algorithmic suggestions to collect accurate segmentation data without the need for laborious manual tracing of nuclei. Our results indicate that even noisy algorithmic suggestions do not adversely affect pathologist accuracy and can help non-experts improve annotation quality. We also present a new approach for inferring truth from multiple raters and show that non-experts can produce accurate annotations for visually distinctive classes. Conclusions This study is the most extensive systematic exploration of the large-scale use of wisdom-of-the-crowd approaches to generate data for computational pathology applications.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the electromagnetic emission of the overhead power line, because these power line generate electromagnetic interaction with other objects near to it. The novelty of this work shows a numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field of the 400 kV line in both permanent and transient states at different positions, based on the finite element method using numerical software. Through the results of this study, it was found that the electromagnetic field in the transient state is very important. The findings of this research can be used to evaluate the field created around transmission lines in order to determine their impact on the environment and human health.

Axions or more generally axion-like particles (ALPs) are pseudo-scalar particles predicted by many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) and considered as viable candidates for dark matter (DM) in the universe. If they really exist in nature, they are expected to couple with photons in the presence of an external electromagnetic field through a form of the Primakoff effect. In addition, many string theory models of the early universe motivate the existence of a homogeneous Cosmic ALP Background (CAB) with 0.1-1 keV energies analogous to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), arising via the decay of string theory moduli in the very early universe. The coupling between the CAB ALPs traveling in cosmic magnetic fields and photons allows ALPs to oscillate into photons and vice versa. In this work, we test the CAB model that is put forward to explain the soft X-ray excess in the Coma cluster due to CAB ALPs conversion into photons using the M87 jet environment. Then we demonstrate the potential of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) jet environment to probe low-mass ALP models, and to potentially constrain the model proposed to better explain the Coma cluster soft X-ray excess. We find that the overall X-ray emission for the M87 AGN requires an ALP-photon coupling g aγ in the range of ∼ 7.50 × 10 −15 -6.56 × 10 −14 GeV −1 for ALP masses m a 10 −13 eV as long as the M87 jet is misaligned by less than about 20 degrees from the line of sight. These values are up to an order of magnitude smaller than the current best fit value on g aγ ∼ 2 × 10 −13 GeV −1 obtained in soft X-ray excess CAB model for the Coma cluster. Our results cast doubt on the current limits of the largest allowed value of g aγ and suggest a new constraint that g aγ 6.56 × 10 −14 GeV −1 when a CAB is assumed.