Several and complex factors cause accumulation of large amounts of body fat as well as a disparity between energy intake and output. Generally, any increase in bodyweight can be attributed to the elevation in daily food intake and the reduction in energy expenditure. Several functions could be achieved by moderate exercise including maintaining an optimum body weight and muscle mass, lowering abdominal fat and increasing lipid catabolism. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved remain understudied. Our study was designed mainly to evaluate the influence of moderate treadmill exercise on body metabolism with special reference to hepatic lipid metabolism. Twenty adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighting 200±20 gm were randomly assigned to either sedentary or exercised groups. The exercise protocol lasted for 20 mins/ 5 times / week along 4 weeks. Although no significant changes in body weight, insulin and corticosterone levels, there was a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and serum leptin levels (81.06%and 75.49% respectively). The current exercise regime significantly increased serum high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) level (127.56%) and significantly decreased serum triacylglycerol (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) levels (75.50%, 62.83% and 74.48% respectively). Also, treadmill exercise significantly upregulated the hepatic expression of acetyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyl CoA transferase 1 (CPT1) (173% and 148% respectively) as well as significantly downregulated the hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (52%) but not fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA expression. Overall, these results suggest a beneficial effect of moderate treadmill exercise hepatic lipid metabolism.

Diabetes is a disorder that impairs the ability of the body to process blood glucose. Diabetes is either due to the pancreas produces insufficient amount of insulin or the cells of the body do not react with the insulin produced. Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is the most common type of diabetes and grows in prevalence worldwide. The aim of our study was to investigate the antidiabetic impact with emphasis on hepatic lipid metabolism and spleen histopathology effect of curcumin-magnesium oxide nanoparticles conjugate (Cur-MgO NPs conjugate) in nicotinamide (NA)-streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetic rats. This study included three groups: Group 1 (control group), Group 2 (STZ induced type 2 diabetic rats) and Group 3 (type 2 diabetic rats were orally administered Cur-MgO NPs conjugate (10 mg/Kg BW/day for 45 days)). The levels of plasma glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile and hepatic expression of lipogenic enzymes Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Ppar α) were measured. Moreover, histopathological examination of spleen was carried out. The assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), a significant reduction in serum insulin level and HOMA of β-cell function (HOMA β). Also, reduction in hepatic mRNA expression of MCD and Ppar-α and an altered lipid profile were noticed in diabetic group in comparison with the control group. Oral administration of Cur-MgO NPs conjugate restored glucose (102.73±2.16), TC (139.80±3.61) and LDL-c (87.56±3.72) to their physiological levels in the control group (108.29±2.45, 150.27±2.56 and 94.43±2.75 respectively). Histopathological examination of the spleen showed damage of lymphoid cells in type 2 diabetes (T2D), while in treated group showed moderate improvement in spleen tissue and cells are rescued from apoptosis. The outcome of present study revealed that Cur-MgO NP conjugate has potential ameliorative effect on the hematologic, immunologic and hepatic metabolic alterations in type 2 diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic illness characterized by high blood sugar levels and insufficient pancreatic insulin production or activity within the body. The most common type of diabetes is type II diabetes, which is a metabolic condition characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic islet βcell failure, resulting in hyperglycemia. The goal of this study was to examine the anti-diabetic implications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and/or pyrazolopyrimidine in type II diabetic rats. Rats with a weight of 150 ± 20 g were used. Animals were divided into five groups as follows: group 1: control, group 2: type II diabetic rats, group 3: diabetic rats received ZnO NPs (10 mg/ kg/orally/day), group 4: diabetic rats received pyrazolopyrimidine (5 mg/kg/orally/day), and group 5: diabetic rats received ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg/orally/day) + pyrazolopyrimidine (5 mg/kg/orally/ day), respectively, for 30 days. The results indicated that serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c), malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PGC-1α mRNA expressions were increased in the diabetic group versus the control group, while serum insulin, high-density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-c), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) mRNA expression levels were decreased. These parameters were reserved in the treated groups (ZnO NPs, pyrazolopyrimidine, and ZnO NPs + pyrazolopyrimidine). This study proved that ZnO NPs and pyrazolopyrimidine had an ameliorative effect on blood glucose levels, antioxidant status, lipid profile, liver function enzymes, and mRNA expression of hepatic genes.

Biomedical nanomaterials have gained a lot of attention in the last decade. They have emphasized various concerns due to their vast and significant biological properties and biomedical applications. Metal oxide nanoparticles offer a wide range of medicinal uses, including anticancer, drug/gene delivery, antibacterial, cell imaging, and biosensing, among others. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been employed like a key material in a range of industries in last years, including medicine, cosmetics, concrete, antimicrobials, and textiles. the automotive industry, and cancer prevention. Anticancer and antibacterial effects are linked to the capability of ZnO-NPs to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and trigger cell programmed death (apoptosis). The following review articles summarize the different biomedical applications of ZnO nanoparticles.