Infection is an important complication of cardiac implantable electronic device procedures. To further study the factors associated with infection, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 3,205 consecutive patients who had undergone de novo or revision cardiac electronic device implantation at our institution from March 2011 through March 2015. We recorded all infections and specified whether they were related to the characteristics of the patient, device, or procedure. To identify predictors of infection, we performed multivariate analysis. Device infections were identified in 85 patients (2.7%), at a mean follow-up time of 27 ± 11 months. The main predictors of device infection were use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator device (odds ratio [OR]=16; 95% CI, 4.14-61.85; =0.0001), stage 3 chronic kidney disease (OR=9.41; 95% CI, 1.77-50.04;=0.009), a revision procedure (OR=8.8; 95% CI, 3.37-23.2; =0.0001), or postoperative hematoma (OR=6.9; 95% CI, 1.58-30.2;=0.01). We also identified 2 novel predictors of infection: a low body mass index of <20 kg/m (OR=1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; =0.005), and use of povidone-iodine rather than chlorhexidine-alcohol for topical antisepsis (OR=4.4; 95% CI, 2.01-9.4;=0.03). We conclude that comorbidities, device characteristics, procedure types, and postoperative noninfective complications all increase the risk of device infection after a cardiac implantable electronic device procedure.

Background The aim of the present study was to determine whether postprocedural antibiotic reduces the risk of infection related to the cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantations. Methods The present investigation is a randomized, prospective, single‐blinded controlled trial. All consecutive patients who presented for new CIED implantation, generator replacement, or upgrade were randomized into the following three groups: (A) no antibiotic, (B) intravenous (IV) antibiotic for 1 day, (C) 1 day IV plus 7 days oral antibiotic. Follow‐up was performed on 10‐12 days; 1, 3, 6 months; and then every 6 months for 2 years. The primary endpoint was any evidence of infection at the generator pocket or systemic infection related to the procedure at short‐term (6‐month) and long‐term (2‐year) follow‐ups. Results Of the 450 patients (72 patients with cardiac resynchronization device) included in the study, the primary endpoint of short‐term infection was reached in one patient (0.2%) in group A and no patients in groups B and C. The endpoint of long‐term infection was reached in nine patients (2%) with equal frequency between three randomized groups (three patients in each group). On multivariable analysis, the only independent predictor of infection was defibrillator implantation (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.6‐45). Conclusions The results of this prospective study showed no benefit for the postoperative antibiotic for the prevention of CIED infection.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia globally and increases the risk of mortality and morbidity from stroke, systemic embolism, heart failure (HF), and dementia. [1][2][3] Several studies have demonstrated that AF is mainly associated with advancing age and underlying cardiovascular disease, particularly hypertension and coronary artery disease. Our current understanding of AF is largely based on data from North America and Europe. 4-7 Regional cohort studies have suggested that rheumatic heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and smoking are more important causes of AF than in other regions in the world. 8,9 There are racial and ethnic differences in AF symptom, treatment patterns, and outcomes. 9,10 During the previous four decades, several effective therapies for AF have been developed, 11,12 particularly, the use of direct-acting

Background:The subcutaneous implantable-defibrillator (S-ICD) is a relatively new alternative to the transvenous ICD system to minimize intravascular lead-related complications. This paper presents outcome of SICD implantation in patients enrolled in Iran S-ICD registry.Methods: Between October 2015 and June 2022, this prospective multicenter national registry included 223 patients with a standard indication for an ICD, who neither required bradycardia pacing nor needed cardiac resynchronization to evaluate the early post-implant complications and long-term follow-up results of the S-ICD system. Results:The mean age of the patients was 45 ± 17 years. The majority (79.4%) were male. Ischemic cardiomyopathy (39.5%) was the most common underlying disorder among patients selected for S-ICD implant. Most study patients (68.6%) had ICD for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Seven patients (3.1%) were found to have suboptimal lead positions. Six patients (2.7%) developed a pocket hematoma; all were managed medically. During a mean follow-up of 2 years, the appropriate therapy was recorded in 13% of the patients and inappropriate ICD intervention mainly due to supraventricular tachycardia in 8.9%. Pocket infection was observed in four patients (1.8%) and five patients (2.2%) died mainly due to heart failure. Conclusion:S-ICDs were effective at detecting and treating both induced and spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. Major clinical complications were rare.