Data availabilitySummary statistics generated by COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative are available online (https://www.covid19hg.org/results/r6/). The analyses described here use the freeze 6 data. The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative continues to regularly release new data freezes. Summary statistics for samples from individuals of non-European ancestry are not currently available owing to the small individual sample sizes of these groups, but the results for 23 loci lead variants are reported in Supplementary Table 3. Individual-level data can be requested directly from the authors of the contributing studies, listed in Supplementary Table 1.

<p>Supplementary Table S1. Characteristics of the ESCC patients (n=286). Supplementary Table S2. Correlation among clinicopathological parameters and the expression of STAT3β in ESCC patients (n=286).</p>

<p>Supplementary Figure S1. STAT3β suppresses ESCC chemoresistance in vitro. Supplementary Figure S2. STAT3β suppresses cancer stem-like cells in ESCC. Supplementary Figure S3. STAT3β antagonizes the oncogenic function of STAT3α in ESCC cells. Supplementary Figure S4. The complete Western blot data showing the expression of phospho-STAT3α/βTyr705 (pSTAT3α/β) and STAT3α/β in 94 cases of ESCC samples and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. Supplementary Figure S5. STAT3β suppresses STAT3 transcription activity in KYSE150 cells.</p>

<p>Supplementary Materials and Methods</p>

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> STAT3 is known to have both oncogenic and tumor suppressive effects, but the regulation of these opposing effects is elusive. We hypothesized that STAT3β, one of the two STAT3 isoforms, is the key determinant in this context.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> The prognostic significance of STAT3β and phospho-STAT3α^Y705 (pSTAT3α^Y705) was evaluated in 286 cases of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). STAT3β-induced changes in the chemosensitivity to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil were assessed both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. STAT3β-induced changes in the frequency of cancer stem cells were evaluated using Hoechst and CD44 staining. How STAT3β regulates STAT3α was determined using immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, DNA-binding, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR.</p><p><b>Results:</b> STAT3β expression is an independent protective prognostic marker in patients with ESCC, which strongly correlated with longer overall survival (<i>P</i> = 0.0009) and recurrence-free survival (<i>P</i> = 0.0001). STAT3β significantly decreased the cancer stem cell population, and sensitized ESCC cells to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in tumor xenografts. Mechanistically, STAT3β markedly attenuated the transcription activity of STAT3α via inducing STAT3α:STAT3β heterodimers. However, the heterodimer formation decreased the binding between STAT3α and PTPN9 (better known as PTP-MEG2), a protein tyrosine phosphatase, thereby promoting the phosphorylation of STAT3α^Y705 and enhancing its nuclear translocation and DNA binding. Correlating with this, high STAT3β expression converts the prognostic value of pSTAT3α^Y705 from unfavorable to favorable in patients with ESCC.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> STAT3β suppresses chemoresistance and cancer stemness by blocking the transcriptional activity of STAT3α. The paradoxical increase in pSTAT3α^Y705 induced by STAT3β carries important implications as to how the biologic and prognostic significance of STAT3 in cancers should be interpreted. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 22(3); 691–703. ©2015 AACR</i>.</p></div>