This review of bladder cancer describes modern clinical and pathologic features of the neoplasm, reports new data about treatment and prognosis of this disease.
Objective:
The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies and understanding clinical implications.
Goal:
The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic risk factors such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work or elsewhere. Current therapies for bladder cancer are affected by tumor morphology and associated acquired genetic mutations.
Methods:
A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases to find studies of bladder cancer published between 1984 and early 2020. The focus was articles that address epidemiological risk factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Articles were selected that enabled our review of these factors as well as molecular and structural patterns.
Results:
There are multiple views of bladder cancer. The literature offers a number of novel insights regarding the development and progression of bladder cancer and possible biomarkers that may be useful in clinical and diagnostic practice.
Conclusion:
There are several molecular pathways associated with bladder cancer that are frequently updated. In addition, genetic subtypes of bladder tumors are not distinguished clearly that requires future more detailed analysis.
There are patients suffered prostate cancer and diagnosed with stone disease in urological centres. These cases represent non-standard issue of choosing the optimal surgical treatment. Currently clinical recommendations haven’t described the particular answer for this answer yet. There is also lack of information published in literature foсused on the issue.Aim of the study was to determine the optimal choice of surgical treatment for patients diagnosed with stone disease and prostate cancer.Materials and methods: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and stone disease for the period from 2006 to 2019 was performed. Among 2047 in-patient cases of prostate cancer 71 patients with stone disease were included.Results: 49 of 71 (69%) patients diagnosed with stone disease had indications for surgical treatment at the moment of hospitalisation. Stages of prostate cancer in this group were T1-T2 (91,7%) and T3(8,3%). 25 patients (51%) had kidney stone disease, 23 patients (47%) – ureter stone disease and only 1 patient – kidney and ureter stone disease. 37 patients (75%) presented complains related to stone disease, other cases (25%) were asymptomatic. Surgical treatment of stone disease primarily was performed in the majority of cases (72,2%). Surgical treatment of prostate cancer subsequently included radical prostatectomy in most cases 7 (86,1%). Simultaneous surgical treatment of both diseases haven’t performed in this study.Conclusion: The main factors influencing the decision making of optimal surgical treatment for this group of patients were clinical presentation and group of prostate cancer risk.
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