Using gamma-ray-induced mutagenesis, we have developed a mutant (named G2) of Trichoderma virens that produced two- to three-fold excesses of secondary metabolites, including viridin, viridiol, and some yet-to-be identified compounds. Consequently, this mutant had improved antibiosis against the oomycete test pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum . A transcriptome analysis of the mutant vis-à-vis the wild-type strain showed upregulation of several secondary-metabolism-related genes. In addition, many genes predicted to be involved in mycoparasitism and plant interactions were also upregulated. We used tamarind seeds as a mass multiplication medium in solid-state fermentation and, using talcum powder as a carrier, developed a novel seed dressing formulation. A comparative evaluation of the wild type and the mutant in greenhouse under high disease pressure (using the test pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii ) revealed superiority of the mutant over wild type in protecting chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) seeds and seedlings from infection. We then undertook extensive field evaluation (replicated micro-plot trials, on-farm demonstration trials, and large-scale trials in farmers’ fields) of our mutant-based formulation (named TrichoBARC) for management of collar rot ( S. rolfsii ) in chickpea and lentil ( Lens culinaris ) over multiple locations in India. In certain experiments, other available formulations were included for comparison. This formulation consistently, over multiple locations and years, improved seed germination, reduced seedling mortality, and improved plant growth and yield. We also noticed growth promotion, improved pod bearing, and early flowering (7–10 days) in TrichoBARC-treated chickpea and lentil plants under field conditions. In toxicological studies in animal models, this formulation exhibited no toxicity to mammals, birds, or fish.
a CC-NB-LRR gene identified in Brassica juncea, confers resistance to white rust 36 caused by Albugo candida 37 Running title 38 A CNL type R gene confers white rust resistance in B. juncea 39 Highlight 40 BjuWRR1, a CNL type R gene, was identified from an east European gene pool line of 41 Brassica juncea and validated for conferring resistance to white rust by genetic 42 transformation. 43 Abstract 44 White rust caused by oomycete pathogen Albugo candida is a significant disease of crucifer 45 crops including Brassica juncea (mustard), a major oilseed crop of the Indian subcontinent. 46Earlier a resistance-conferring locus named AcB1-A5.1 was mapped in an east European 47 gene pool line of B. juncea Donskaja-IV. This line was tested along with some other lines 48 of B. juncea (AABB), B. rapa (AA) and B. nigra (BB) for resistance to six isolates of A. 49 candida collected from different mustard growing regions of India. Donskaja-IV was found 50 to be completely resistant to all the tested isolates. Sequencing of a BAC spanning the locus 51 AcB1-A5.1 showed the presence of a single CC-NB-LRR protein encoding R gene. The 52 genomic sequence of the putative R gene with its native promoter and terminator was used 53 for the genetic transformation of a susceptible Indian gene pool line Varuna and was found to 54 confer complete resistance to all the isolates. This is the first white rust resistance-conferring 55 gene described from Brassica species and has been named BjuWRR1. Allelic variants of the 56 gene in B. juncea germplasm and orthologues in the Brassicaceae genomes were studied to 57 understand the evolutionary dynamics of the BjuWRR1 gene. 58 Introduction 61White rust, caused by an oomycete pathogen Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze is a serious 62 disease of economically important Brassica species. A. candida is an obligate biotrophic 63 parasite and rated amongst the top ten oomycete pathogens based on its scientific and 64 economic importance (Kamoun et al., 2015). White rust has been reported to cause 65 A. candida isolates, infection and disease evaluation 129 5White rust infected B. juncea leaves were collected from five different mustard growing 130 regions of north India (Pantnagar, Meerut, Samastipur, Hisar and Alwar) and were purified 131 by performing five passages of inoculations for each isolate on a susceptible B. juncea line, 132Varuna. In each passage, zoosporangia collected from a single pustule were suspended in 200 133 L of sterilized double distilled water followed by drop inoculation on cotyledons of seven-134 day-old seedlings of Varuna. Inoculations were performed in a contained white rust infection 135 chamber maintained at a relative humidity of around 90% and 18°C of temperature with a 16-136 h light/8-h dark cycle. After repeated passages of single pustules, the isolates were 137 maintained on Varuna and the purified A. candida isolates were named as AcP1 (Pantnagar), 138
BjuWRR1, a CC-NB-LRR gene identified in Brassica juncea, confers resistance to white rust caused by Albugo candida Running titleA CNL type R gene confers white rust resistance in B. juncea Highlight BjuWRR1, a CNL type R gene, was identified from an east European gene pool line of Brassica juncea and validated for conferring resistance to white rust by genetic transformation.
Tomato is one of the major cash crops in the Golapar area of district Nainital in Uttarakhand (India), where farmers are facing the problem of diseases in tomato cultivation. In the present investigation, a survey of tomato fields in the Golapar area of Haldwani block was conducted. The survey revealed the occurrence of late blight, early blight, stem rot, and wilt diseases causing an average loss of 80% to tomato. To counter the above diseases, Trichoderma harzianum (Th43), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf173), Jas mycorrhiza (AMF), and the fungicide (Mancozeb) in different combinations applyed through soil application (SA), seedling treatment (ST), and foliar spray (FA) were evaluated for growth promotion and disease control in tomato at experimental and farmers' fields. The results of the study revealed that in experimental field, the maximum plant height (43.67 cm), highest number of branches (7.33) per plant, highest weight of fruit (47 g), highest number of fruits (39) per plant, minimum plant mortality (4% at 30 DAT and 3.2% at 30-60 DAT), minimum plant disease index (6.85), maximum total yield (256.00 q/ha), and marketable yield (246.67 q/ha) were observed in Th+Pf+JM (SA) + Th+Pf (ST) + Mancozeb (FS). At farmer's field, minimum plant mortality (7.31%) at 30 days after transplanting (DAT) (5.73%) in 30-60 DAT, minimum plant disease index (11.47), and maximum yield 249.91 q/ha were observed in Th+Pf+JM (SA) + Th+Pf (ST) + Mancozeb (FS) combination. So, it can be concluded that among all the treatments, integrated treatment comprising of soil application of T. harzianum, P. fluorescens, Jas mycorrhiza (AMF) + seedling treatment with T. harzianum and P. fluorescens + three foliar sprays of Mancozeb was found very effective in reducing the plant mortality, promoting the plant growth, and increasing the yield at experimental field as well as at farmers' fields.
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