Achieving the control of light fields in a manner similar in sophistication to the control of electromagnetic fields in the microwave and radiofrequency regimes has been a major challenge in optical physics research. We manipulated the phase and amplitude of five discrete harmonics spanning the blue to mid-infrared frequencies to produce instantaneous optical fields in the shape of square, sawtooth, and subcycle sine and cosine pulses at a repetition rate of 125 terahertz. Furthermore, we developed an all-optical shaper-assisted linear cross-correlation technique to retrieve these fields and thereby verified their shapes and confirmed the critical role of carrier-envelope phase in Fourier synthesis of optical waveforms.
Comparisons are made among Molecular Dynamics (MD), Classical
Density
Functional Theory (c-DFT), and Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) modeling
of the electric double layer (EDL) for the nonprimitive three component
model (3CM) in which the two ion species and solvent molecules are
all of finite size. Unlike previous comparisons between c-DFT and
Monte Carlo (MC), the present 3CM incorporates Lennard-Jones interactions
rather than hard-sphere and hard-wall repulsions. c-DFT and MD results
are compared over normalized surface charges ranging from 0.2 to 1.75
and bulk ion concentrations from 10 mM to 1 M. Agreement between the
two, assessed by electric surface potential and ion density profiles,
is found to be quite good. Wall potentials predicted by PB begin to
depart significantly from c-DFT and MD for charge densities exceeding
0.3. Successive layers are observed to charge in a sequential manner
such that the solvent becomes fully excluded from each layer before
the onset of the next layer. Ultimately, this layer filling phenomenon
results in fluid structures, Debye lengths, and electric surface potentials
vastly different from the classical PB predictions.
A differentially pumped rare gas cell has been developed to suppress undulator harmonics on the Chemical Dynamics Beamline at the Advanced Light Source. Greater than 104 suppression of the harmonics has been demonstrated with no measurable (<5%) attenuation of the fundamental. The overall design is presented, and vacuum and optical performance are reported.
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