Journal homepage: www.zums.ac.ir/jhehp Background: Since students spend a lot of time in classrooms and in steady state, many of them may experience signs of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its related risk factors among students. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted among 129 students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2016. In order to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, Nordic questionnaire was used. The relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors was evaluated in SPSS20 software. Results: The highest incidence of musculoskeletal discomfort (80%) was observed in the waist area. The neck (38.3%) and shoulder (35%) were the most prevalent at the next levels. Marital status, age, weight, educational level, job, exercise and stress were identified as risk factors affecting the musculoskeletal disorders in the students. Conclusion: It is possible to reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders by the necessary trainings to declare the risk factors and their modifications to the students, considering appropriate time between the classes and the use of ergonomic equipment and furniture in the classes. With these actions also can prevent from stress and consequently can increase the concentration and learning power in this group.

SummaryIntroduction. Obesity has become a major health problem not only in industrialized societies but also in developing countries. Multiple studies have shown that bariatric surgery has been effective in reducing substantial amount of weight and also the comorbidities and is being performed more frequently as an established treatment. Due to anatomical and physiological alterations after surgery that impairs absorption of vitamin D and calcium, two fundamental factors in bone formation, their intestinal absorption is highly compromised. Case report. We present a 48-year-old woman who was visited in emergency room for generalized bone pain, perioral paresthesia and carpopedal spasm. She had undergone bariatric surgery 15 years ago. Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign were positive. Examination of thoracic ribs elicited severe pain on palpation. Laboratory evaluation revealed: Ca = 6.1 mg/dL, P= 2.1 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase = 432 (160-303), PTH=541 pg/mL, and 25(OH)D3= 3 ng/mL. Whole body bone scan showed increased uptake in the anterior arc of left 6 th rib, posterior arc of left 6 th and 12 th ribs with increased uptake of costochondral joints. Conclusion. Our case highlights the possible consequences that bariatric surgery may have on bone and mineral health and the need for regular and proactive follow-up of the patients.

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Background and Objective: Given that satisfaction with educational facilities and feeling comfortable in the classroom can affect learning, focus, and productivity, the necessity for a valid and reliable questionnaire that is appropriate for determining students' satisfaction with training chairs has been recognized. Therefore, we aimed to design and validate a training chair satisfaction questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed in two phases, that is, designing and examining the validity and reliability of the satisfaction questionnaire and determining its cut-off point in 2016. To determine the content validity of the questionnaire, content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used, and to determine its external and internal reliability, test-retest and Cronbach's alpha methods were adopted. Also, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized for specifying its sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off point. Results: CVI was calculated at 0.798, which is acceptable for this questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated at 0.799 and the correlation between the questions in first and second series was in an acceptable significance level (r=0.825; P=0.000). In the ROC, the cut-off point was reported as 35.5 with the sensitivity and specificity of 80.9% and 46.2%, respectively, and area under the ROC curve at this cut-off point was 0.65. Conclusion: Based on our results regarding the validity and reliability indices of the questionnaire developed by the researcher, it was noted that this questionnaire is valid and reliable for the assessment of students' satisfaction with training chairs and can be used to examine all office and student chairs.